The Huangdi Neijing proposes the " using bitter herbs to nourish or purge" theory to guide clinical prescription and formulation of herbal remedies based on the physiological characteristics and functions of the five zang viscera, along with the properties and flavors of medicinal herbs. This study explored diabetic kidney disease pathogenesis and treatment based on the " using bitter herbs to nourish or purge" theory. Kidney dryness is a key pathological factor in diabetic kidney disease, and the disharmony of kidney dryness is an essential aspect of its pathogenesis. Strengthening is the primary therapeutic principle, and kidney dryness is a persistent factor throughout the occurrence and progression of diabetic kidney disease. In the early stage, the pathogenesis involves heat-consuming qi and injuring yin, leading to kidney dryness. In the middle stage, the pathogenesis manifests as qi deficiency and blood stasis in the collaterals, resulting in turbidity owing to kidney dryness. In the late stage, the pathogenesis involves yin and yang deficiency, with kidney dryness and disharmony. This study proposes the staging-based treatment based on the " need for firmness" characteristic of the kidney. The aim is to provide new insights for clinical diagnosis and treatment in traditional Chinese medicine by rationally using pungent, bitter, and salty medicinal herbs to nourish and moisturize the kidney. This approach seeks to promote precise syndrome differentiation and personalized treatment for different stages of diabetic kidney disease, thereby enhancing clinical efficacy.

AIM: To explore the clinical efficacy of 25G minimally invasive vitrectomy combined with 41G ultra-micro subretinal injection of tissue plasminogen activator(t-PA)in the treatment of subretinal hemorrhage(SMH).METHODS: Retrospective study. A totally 60 patients(60 eyes)who visited the Ophthalmology Department of Yuebei People's Hospital from June 2022 to September 2024 and were diagnosed with submacular hemorrhage were selected. According to different treatment methods, they were divided into a control group of 30 eyes(25G vitrectomy combined with intravitreal injection of t-PA)and an observation group of 30 eyes(25G vitrectomy combined with 41G subretinal injection of t-PA). The complete clearance rate of macular hemorrhage, best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), changes in intraocular pressure, central retinal thickness(CRT), the occurrence of postoperative complications were observed in the two groups of patients.RESULTS:The two groups of general data are comparable. After treatment for 7 d, the rate of complete clearance of macular hemorrhage was higher in the observation group than in the control group(100% vs 80%, P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the comparison of BCVA at 1 d and 6 mo postoperatively(all P>0.05), and in the comparison of BCVA between the two groups at 7 d, 1, and 3 mo postoperatively, BCVA of the observation group was better than that of the control group(all P<0.05); and the intraocular pressure of the observation group was lower than that of the control group at 1 d, 7 d, and 1 mo postoperatively(all P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the two groups in the comparison of intraocular pressure at 3 and 6 mo postoperatively(all P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the comparison of CRT at 1 d and 6 mo postoperatively(all P>0.05), and CRT was lower than that of the control group at 7 d, 1 and 3 mo postoperatively(all P<0.05). The total incidence of complications in the observation group was not statistically different from that in the control group(0 vs 10%, P>0.05).CONCLUSION: The 25G minimally invasive vitrectomy combined with 41G ultra-microsubretinal injection of t-PA is more efficient in removing subretinal hemorrhage, promotes early anatomical restoration, and has a comparable long-term visual prognosis to the conventional method, with a favorable safety profile.

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) represents an emerging medical functional imaging technology, which operates by applying safe-to-human excitation currents through surface-mounted electrodes, measuring boundary voltages between electrodes, and selecting appropriate image reconstruction algorithms to visualize resistivity in tomographic cross-sections. Compared to traditional medical imaging techniques, EIT offers non-invasive and radiation-free operation, high sensitivity to tissue resistivity changes, and superior temporal resolution, meeting the real-time requirements of clinical dynamic condition monitoring. This paper comprehensively reviews the research status of brain EIT technology, systematically summarizes its advantages and technical limitations in perioperative applications, and prospectively forecasts future development directions of perioperative brain EIT based on current research foundations and clinical application demands, with the aim of providing methodological references for further optimization and clinical promotion of this technology.
Electric Impedance ; Tomography/methods* ; Humans ; Brain/diagnostic imaging*

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) have become prominent global health threats, escalating the burden on public health systems. The increasing occurrence of invasive fungal infections is due primarily to the extensive application of chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapies, and broad-spectrum antifungal agents. At present, therapeutic practices utilize multiple categories of antifungal agents, such as azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, and pyrimidine analogs. Nevertheless, the clinical effectiveness of these treatments is progressively weakened by the emergence of drug resistance, thereby substantially restricting their therapeutic utility. Consequently, there is an imperative need to expedite the discovery of novel antifungal agents. This review seeks to present an exhaustive synthesis of novel antifungal drugs and candidate agents that are either under current clinical investigation or anticipated to progress into clinical evaluation. These emerging compounds exhibit unique benefits concerning their modes of action, antimicrobial spectra, and pharmacokinetic characteristics, potentially leading to improved therapeutic outcomes relative to conventional antifungal regimens. It is anticipated that these novel therapeutic agents will furnish innovative treatment modalities and enhance clinical outcomes in managing invasive fungal infections.

This paper introduces Professor Zhang Qingping's clinical experience in treating post-stroke spastic paralysis.In the view of Professor Zhang Qingping,the main pathogenesis of post-stroke spastic paralysis being deficiency of yang qiand malnutrition of meridian-sinew,such diseases can be treated from the perspective of sinew theory.Professor Zhang addressed importance to acupoints selection of yin meridians and therapeutic sequence,and skilled in applying superficial-skin needling and multi-direction needling,she also emphasizes on seizing the opportunity to treat disease and regulating body and mind simultaneously,and obtained certain clinical effects in the treatment of post-stroke spastic paralysis.

This article systematically summarizes the clinical experience of Professor Yang Jun,a nationally renowned traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)physician,in applying refined direct moxibustion(applying a moxibustion pen made by Chinese medical extract)to treat functional dyspepsia(FD)of the stuffiness-fullness type.Based on decades of clinical practice,Professor Yang innovatively established a moxibustion therapy system for FD,which centers on TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment.The system emphasizes the refined identification of epigastric stuffiness and fullness syndrome,particularly focusing on the relative significance of abdominal distension and poor appetite.Its therapeutic features lie in establishing the principle of"prioritizing mind regulation while holistically harmonizing body and spirit",combined with personalized moxibustion dosage control and a unique refined direct moxibustion technique.By optimizing the configuration of each step in moxibustion therapy,the system maximizes therapeutic efficacy,providing novel theoretical foundations and clinical strategies for moxibustion treatment of stuffiness-fullness type of FD.

Objective To analyze and summarize the acupoint selection patterns for acupuncture-moxibustion treatment of chloasma using data mining techniques.Methods Computerized searches were conducted in major databases including the CNKI,Wanfang,VIP,CBM,PubMed,Embase,and the Cochrane Library.Clinical research literature on acupuncture-moxibustion treatment of chloasma published between January 1,2003 and August 31,2024 was retrieved.A database for acupuncture-moxibustion treatment of chloasma was established using Microsoft Excel 2019,and SPSS Modeler 18.0,Cytoscape 3.9.1,and SPSS 26.0 were employed to analyze the frequency of acupoint usage,meridian tropism,regional distribution,and specific acupoint categories,as well as to perform association rule analysis and cluster analysis.Results A total of 122 articles were included,involving 185 acupuncture-moxibustion prescriptions and 131 acupoints,with a total application frequency of 1 532.High-frequency acupoints included Sanyinjiao(SP6),Zusanli(ST36),Xuehai(SP10),and Hegu(LI4).Commonly used meridians were the spleen meridian of foot-taiyin,stomach meridian of foot-yangming,conception vessel(ren mai),bladder meridian of foot-taiyang,and large intestine meridian of hand-yangming.Specific acupoints were predominantly front-mu points,five-shu points,and lower he-sea points.Acupoints were mostly distributed in the chest/abdomen and lower limbs.Association rule analysis revealed that the core acupoint combination was"Sanyinjiao-Zusanli-Xuehai-Hegu".Cluster analysis classified high-frequency acupoints into five major categories.Conclusion The acupoint selection patterns for acupuncture-moxibustion treatment of chloasma reflect the principle of combining holistic concepts with syndrome differentiation.The core acupoint combination is"Sanyinjiao-Zusanli-Xuehai-Hegu".During treatment,acupoints in the chest/abdomen and lower limbs are frequently selected,often combined with acupoints on the head and face.

This article introduces Professor Yang Jun's clinical experience in treating bronchial asthma using warming needle moxibustion via the governor vessel-unblocking and conception vessel-regulating method.Professor Yang posits that asthma pathogenesis-whether triggered by internal imbalances or external pathogens-ultimately stems from yin-yang disharmony leading to rebellious lung qi and impaired diffusion/descending functions.Thus,restoring dynamic yin-yang balance constitutes the core therapeutic principle.As the governor and conception vessels govern the body's yin-yang regulation,Professor Yang's decades of clinical practice substantiate that"harmonizing these vessels determines life's vitality".His protocol combines warming needle moxibustion with press needles to activate governor-conception vessel functions,achieving five therapeutic effects:(1)yin-yang harmonization,(2)qi movement regulation,(3)meridian unblocking,(4)visceral stabilization,and(5)pathogen elimination,demonstrating remarkable efficacy.