Background: and PurposeIn 2021, lung cancer in school food workers was first recognized as an occupational cancer. The classification of the carcinogenicity of cooking fumes by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) was based on Chinese epidemiological data. This study aimed to determine the hazard levels of school cooking fumes in Korea. Materials and Methods: Based on public school cafeterias in one area, 25 locations were selected for the survey according to the number per school type, ventilation states, and environmental pre-assessments of cafeterias. Two inside cooking areas using a heat source and one outside cooking area were selected as control measurement points. Measurements of CO, CO2, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), including benzene, formaldehyde, and particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PM1, respectively), were taken. The concentrations and patterns of each substance in the kitchens were compared with the outdoor air quality.ResultKnown carcinogens, such as the concentrations of PAHs, formaldehyde, TVOC (benzene), and particulate matter in school cooking fumes, were all detected at similar or slightly higher levels than those found outside. Additionally, substances were detected at relatively low concentrations compared to the Chinese cooking fumes reported in the literature. However, the short-term exposure to high concentrations of CO (or composite exposure with CO2) and PM2.5 in this study were shown. Conclusion The school cooking fumes in South Korea was a relatively less harmful than Chinese cooking fumes, however short-term, high exposure of toxic substances can cause a critical health effect.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the esthetic preference for various Korean silhouette profiles. Methods: The Korean average male and female profiles were modified by changing the lower facial height and anteroposterior lip position to produce nine types of profiles. In order to test intrarater reliability, the average profile was copied once more to be included for evaluation. A questionnaire containing 10 profiles for each sex, each of which had to be rated for preference on a numerical rating scale from 0 to 10, was administered to 30 adult orthodontic patients, 30 dental students, 30 orthodontists, and 30 dentists excluding orthodontists. The data were statistically analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Results: The ICC of overall intrarater reliability was 0.629. For several profiles, significantly higher scores were given to male profiles than to female profiles (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in the scores for all profiles among the four rater groups.Among the short profiles, a significantly higher score was given to the retruded profile, and among the vertically average and long profiles, a significantly higher score was given to the horizontally average profile (p < 0.001). Among all the profiles, significantly lower scores were given to the protruded profile (p < 0.001). Conclusions This study revealed good overall intrarater reliability, with several types of male profiles being esthetically preferred over female profiles. Moreover, while retruded and horizontally average profiles were generally preferred, protruded profiles were not.

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is caused by congenital or acquired causes and occurs in childhood or adulthood. GH replacement therapy brings benefits to body composition, exercise capacity, skeletal health, cardiovascular outcomes, and quality of life. Before initiating GH replacement, GH deficiency should be confirmed through proper stimulation tests, and in cases with proven genetic causes or structural lesions, repeated GH stimulation testing is not necessary. The dosing regimen of GH replacement therapy should be individualized, with the goal of minimizing side effects and maximizing clinical improvements. The Korean Endocrine Society and the Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology have developed a position statement on the diagnosis and treatment of GH deficiency. This position statement is based on a systematic review of evidence and expert opinions.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a simulation-based High Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy training program based on NLN/ISF to identify the effect on knowledge, clinical performance, and educational satisfaction compared to a group who had traditional High Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy training after applying it to clinical nurses. Methods: 31 experimental groups and 33 control groups were conducted from August 2019 to September 2019 for inexperienced nurses over 4 months to 5 years with no experience using high-flow oxygen therapy. Educational programs were developed in scenarios according to Airvo2 and Optiflow, such as facilitator, participant, educational condition, design, characteristics, and educational outcomes. The education application was conducted in advanced for knowledge and clinical performance ability after watching therapy video. Since then, a total of 90 minutes have been conducted for respiratory failure theory training, airvo2 and optiflow simulation training, and debriefing. After applying the education, the medical institution measured nurses’ knowledge, clinical performance, and education satisfaction. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, with the SPSS/WIN 22.0 program. Results: Both knowledge and educational satisfaction were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t=-14.09, p<.001), (t=-12.99, p<.001). The clinical performance for both use of Optiflow and Airvo2 were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t=-11.39, p<.001), (t=-11.38, p<.001) . Conclusion Results showed that the simulation-based High Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy training was effective with the experimental group having increased scores for every area of this study.

OBJECTIVES: Maternal depression has a detrimental effect on baby growth. Recent reports suggest that depressive symptoms are more likely to occur during pregnancy than in the postpartum period. In Korea, there are relatively few studies of depression during pregnancy compared to those related to postpartum depression. The purpose of this study is to identify factors associated with antenatal depression. METHODS: The study included 143 pregnant women who had completed the Korean version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (K-EPDS), the Korea-Marital Satisfaction Inventory's global distress scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-2. Based on the K-EPDS scores, we divided the participants into two groups. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with antenatal depression. RESULTS: Thirty (21%) of the subjects were evaluated as being depressed, pregnant women. Pregnant women with high self-esteem and marital satisfaction were less likely to have depression. Similarly, those who are younger and those with an abortion history were more likely to have depression. Past psychiatric history and family history were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION Dissatisfaction with marriage, low self-esteem, younger age, and abortion history were closely related to the presence of antenatal depression. The results of this study can be used as baseline data for the development of family-based education programs and early antenatal depression policies.

On December 3, 2014, a type O foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak began in Korea. Although vaccinations were administered, FMD cases increased steadily for five months, and reached 185 cases by April 2015. Most of the affected animals were pigs, which are vulnerable to vaccination. The FMD virus belonged to the South-East Asia (SEA) topotype that had been observed three times in Korea between April 2010 and July 2014. However, the FMD virus isolated in December 2014 had a unique feature; that is, partial deletion of the 5′ non-coding region, a deletion not seen in previous SEA topotype isolates identified in Korea. We conclude that this outbreak included the introduction of a new FMD strain to Korea, and that Korea was now affected by genetically similar FMD virus strains that are related to those from neighboring countries.
Animals ; Asia ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease ; Korea ; Swine ; Vaccination

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of linear measurements of 3-dimensional (3D) images generated by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and facial scanning systems, and to assess the effect of scanning parameters, such as CBCT exposure settings, on image quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CBCT and facial scanning images of an anthropomorphic phantom showing 13 soft-tissue anatomical landmarks were used in the study. The distances between the anatomical landmarks on the phantom were measured to obtain a reference for evaluating the accuracy of the 3D facial soft-tissue images. The distances between the 3D image landmarks were measured using a 3D distance measurement tool. The effect of scanning parameters on CBCT image quality was evaluated by visually comparing images acquired under different exposure conditions, but at a constant threshold. RESULTS: Comparison of the repeated direct phantom and image-based measurements revealed good reproducibility. There were no significant differences between the direct phantom and image-based measurements of the CBCT surface volume-rendered images. Five of the 15 measurements of the 3D facial scans were found to be significantly different from their corresponding direct phantom measurements (P < .05). The quality of the CBCT surface volume-rendered images acquired at a constant threshold varied across different exposure conditions. CONCLUSION: These results proved that existing 3D imaging techniques were satisfactorily accurate for clinical applications, and that optimizing the variables that affected image quality, such as the exposure parameters, was critical for image acquisition.
Anthropometry ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Dimensional Measurement Accuracy ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional

With the current commercial foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, inoculating twice increases the formation of denatured meat due to granuloma or residual adjuvant at the injection site in pigs, resulting in economic loss. Therefore, we investigated protective antibody levels after reducing the amount of adjuvant in the vaccine. Field applicability of the experimental vaccine, made with a new adjuvant ISA 201, was tested by vaccinating farm animals with half-volume doses (1 mL/animal) of commercial vaccine and monitoring their immunogenicity. Among pigs, the group that received a half-volume dose showed similar or higher titers of structural protein antibody and neutralizing antibody than those receiving the standard dose (2 mL). In pigs, the durable effects of antibody titer of the reduced vaccine volume did not diminish up to the time of slaughter. Among cattle, boosting with a second 1 mL vaccine increased virus neutralizing antibody for the protective effects. The boosting effects were more marked in cattle than in pigs. The immune responses differed between species with the effect of the half-volume vaccination being lower in cattle than in pigs. In conclusion, the immune response to the half-volume vaccine was similar to that from the standard volume vaccine in pigs, but not in cattle.
Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Cattle* ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease* ; Granuloma ; Meat ; Swine* ; Vaccination

Extraction and fractionation of Pulsatilla koreana flowers followed by, repeated open column chromatography for EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions yielded four flavonoid glycosides, namely, astragalin (1), tiliroside (2), buddlenoide A (3), and apigenin-7-O-(3"-E-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside (4). The chemical structures of these flavonoid glycosides were elucidated on the basis of various spectroscopic methods including electronic ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS), 1D NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT), 2D NMR (gCOSY, gHSQC, gHMBC), and infrared (IR) spectrometry. This study represents the first report of the isolation of the flavonoid glycosides from the flowers of P. koreana.
Chromatography ; Flowers* ; Glycosides* ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mass Spectrometry ; Pulsatilla* ; Spectrum Analysis

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the manner by which social anxiety symptoms, self-esteem, and depression influence suicidal ideation in adolescents. METHODS: This study involved 1320 middle school students. All participants completed several self-assessment questionnaires. Correlations among variables were assessed, and multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships between variables and suicidal ideation. Finally, a structural equation model was used to determine the pathways by which the tested variables can influence suicidal ideation. RESULTS: Symptoms of social anxiety were positively correlated with depression and suicidal ideation, but were negatively correlated with self-esteem. Additionally, multiple regression analysis revealed that social anxiety symptoms, depression, and self-esteem were significantly related to suicidal ideation. The influence of social anxiety symptoms on suicidal ideation was associated with an increase in depression, whereas self-esteem acted as an intermediary between social anxiety symptoms and depression. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study demonstrate that social anxiety symptoms can directly increase depression and lower self-esteem, which in turn can increase the risk of suicidal ideation. Thus, it may be possible to prevent depression and ultimately lower the risk of suicide in adolescents by pursuing programs designed for the early detection of social anxiety symptoms and by using intervention programs that improve self-esteem.
Adolescent* ; Anxiety* ; Depression* ; Humans ; Self-Assessment ; Suicidal Ideation* ; Suicide