Background: To investigate Korean neurologists' perceptions of the non-standard term ‘jayulsingyeongsiljo’ and their actual evaluation and management of such patients. Methods: We performed an anonymous web-based cross-sectional survey of board-certified Korean neurologists by Korean Society of Pain and Autonomic Disorders between August 13 and September 10, 2025. A questionnaire sent by e-mail asked about demographics, experience with patients labeled with ‘jayulsingyeongsiljo,’ use and perceived usefulness of autonomic function tests, the impact of coronavirus disease 2019, and opinions on terminology and the role of neurologists. Results: In total, 109 neurologists responded. Most reported that patients presenting for ‘jayulsingyeongsiljo’ were young or middle-aged adults and that their numbers had increased over the preceding 2 years. Referrals frequently originated from Korean medicine clinics and other non-neurology departments, often after stand-alone heart rate variability testing. Fatigue, orthostatic intolerance, palpitations, sweating abnormalities, gastrointestinal symptoms, and anxiety or insomnia were common, and autonomic testing was generally regarded as helpful. Eighty percent felt that the risks associated with ‘jayulsingyeongsiljo’ are overstated, and 95% preferred replacing the term with standardized expressions such as autonomic dysfunction. Conclusions Korean neurologists view ‘jayulsingyeongsiljo’ as an unrecognized and potentially misleading label and support society-led standardization of terminology and guidance to improve autonomic dysfunction care and resource use.

Purpose: We investigated the level of glaucoma awareness and identified associated factors among Korean adults aged ≥40 years using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: Among the 16,154 individuals aged ≥40 years who underwent ophthalmic examinations in the 2017-2020 KNHANES, 825 participants diagnosed with glaucoma by an ophthalmologist were included. Glaucoma awareness was defined as a self-reported history of physician-diagnosed glaucoma. Associations between glaucoma awareness and sociodemographic variables including age, sex, education level, income level, and recent ophthalmic examination were evaluated using chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses. Results: Among the 16,154 participants, 825 (5.1%) were diagnosed with glaucoma. However, only 19.8% were aware of their condition and 14.0% reported were receiving treatment. In logistic regression analysis, older age was significantly associated with greater awareness (≥80 years vs. 40-49 years; p < 0.001). Recent ophthalmic examination within 1 year was significantly associated with higher awareness (≤1 year vs. 1-3 years; p < 0.001). Sex, education level, and income level were not independently associated with glaucoma awareness. Conclusions Although glaucoma awareness among Korean adults has more than doubled compared to the 8.0% reported in previous KNHANES analyses, over 80% of affected individuals remain unaware of their diagnosis. Awareness was significantly associated with older age and recent ophthalmic examination emphasizing the importance of regular eye screening. Considering the anticipated rise in glaucoma prevalence, incorporating systematic ophthalmic screening into the national health check-up program should be considered to enhance early detection and management.

Flow cytometric lymphocyte subset analysis (FCLSA) is essential for assessing immune status across various diseases and clinical settings. We surveyed current clinical laboratory practices related to FCLSA to establish a baseline reference for future standardization in Korea. Nine university hospitals actively performing FCLSA responded to the 22-question survey, which covered seven categories of laboratory practice. These hospitals used commercial reagent antibody kits from either Beckton Dickinson Biosciences (N = 4) or Beckman Coulter Diagnostics (N = 5). Most hospitals performed daily instrument setup and scheduled maintenance every 2–6 months. Two levels of commercial quality control materials were routinely used each day. Sample and reagent antibody volumes varied across hospitals, even when the same reagent kit was used. Acquired cell counts ranged from 5 × 10 3 to 5 × 10 4 cells, with two hospitals adjusting counts based on the cell type analyzed. Most laboratories reported percentages and general opinions; some additionally reported white blood cell and lymphocyte counts, along with lymphocyte percentages. This is the first comprehensive survey on the clinical laboratory practice of FCLSA in Korea.Standardization of FCLSA should be accelerated to ensure reliable and reproducible results.

Myopia, particularly high myopia, is a significant risk factor for several ocular pathologies including cataract, glaucoma, and retinal detachment. Excessive axial elongation associated with high myopia can induce biomechanical stretching, increasing the risk of serious complications like posterior staphyloma and myopic maculopathy. Global meta-analyses estimate that approximately 10 million people were visually impaired due to myopic maculopathy in 2015, with 3 million being blind. Recent nationwide surveys in South Korea revealed a prevalence of 65.4% for myopia and 6.9% for high myopia in children and adolescents, highlighting the urgent need for effective management. Delaying the onset and slowing the progression of myopia during childhood and adolescence is crucial for reducing the potential lifetime risk of these complications. This consensus statement, prepared by the Korean Myopia Society for the Korean Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (KAPOS), reviews the current evidence for myopia control interventions and provides management strategies applicable to the South Korean clinical setting. Key interventions covered include lifestyle modifications (outdoor time, near work adjustment), optical methods (myopia-control spectacle lenses, dual-focus soft contact lenses, orthokeratology), and pharmacologic treatment (low-concentration atropine), as well as combination therapies. The statement also addresses patient selection, treatment outcome evaluation using spherical equivalent and axial length changes, and the crucial aspects related to treatment cessation and the rebound effect.

Purpose: Ovarian cancer presents significant treatment challenges due to its aggressive nature and poor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The lack of standardized programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) assays and cut-off values complicates clinical decision-making. We evaluated the concordance among commonly used PD-L1 assays and assessed changes in the expression of PD-L1 following chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: Tissue samples from 29 patients with ovarian cancer were analyzed using five validated PD-L1 immunohistochemistry assays: Dako 22C3, Ventana SP263, Ventana SP142, Dako 28-8, and Ventana 22C3. PD-L1 positivity was assessed using a combined positive score (CPS), immune cell, or tumor proportion score at 1%, 5%, and 10% cut-offs. Concordance rates, including overall percent agreement and Cohen’s kappa coefficient, were analyzed. In addition, changes in the expression of PD-L1 pre- and postchemotherapy were evaluated. Results: Positivity rates ranged from 15.8% (SP142) to 29.8% (Dako 22C3 and SP263) at the 1% CPS cut-off. SP142 consistently exhibited the lowest concordance, whereas Dako 22C3 displayed high agreement with SP263, 28-8, and Ventana 22C3. Chemotherapy increased PD-L1 positivity, with 28% of patients converting from negative to positive. Conclusion The expression of PD-L1 in ovarian cancer varies across assays and scoring methods, emphasizing the need for standardized testing protocols. Increased PD-L1 expression post-chemotherapy underscores the importance of assessing its status at appropriate times to guide ICI therapy. Larger studies are required to validate these findings and refine clinical applications.

This study examined sleep-related characteristics among university students and the associations between sleep quality, dietary habits, and diet quality.Three hundred and ninety-three university students (206 men and 187 women) enrolled at universities in the Chungcheong region of Korea participated in this study between November and December 2023. Data on the general characteristics, dietary habits, sleep status, and the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for adults were collected using a structured questionnaire. The sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index– Korean version (PSQI-K). The participants were classified into a good sleeper group (PSQI-K≤5) and a poor sleeper group (PSQI-K≥6). The dietary habits and NQ scores were compared according to the sleep quality. Compared with good sleepers, poor sleepers had a significantly higher prevalence of eating alone at least once per day (P<0.01) and higher scores for unhealthy dietary behaviors, including overeating, eating quickly, a preference for salty food, skipping meals, and irregular meal timing (P<0.05). Although the total NQ scores and balance and practice domain scores did not differ according to sleep quality, the moderation domain scores were significantly lower among poor sleepers, particularly in men (P<0.05). In conclusion, poor sleep quality among university students was associated with unhealthy dietary habits and lower diet quality related to dietary restraint. These findings highlight the importance of improving sleep quality as a part of health education and dietary intervention programs for university students.

Background: Adequate tissue oxygenation is a key determinant of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) outcomes. Though transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2) is the gold standard for evaluating tissue oxygenation, its limited availability restricts routine clinical use. Consequently, toe pressure is frequently utilized as a practical surrogate; however, the direct correlation between these two modalities has yet to be rigorously investigated. This study aimed to assess the correlation and agreement between TcPO2 and toe pressure in patients with DFUs. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on 837 DFU patients who received simultaneous TcPO2 and toe pressure assessments. The correlation between the two tests was analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and agreement was evaluated using Bland–Altman analysis. To aid interpretation, a scatterplot and Bland–Altman plot were generated. Results: TcPO2 and toe pressure demonstrated a strong correlation (R=0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.62 to 0.70; P<0.001). Bland–Altman analysis showed a mean bias of 26.9 mmHg (standard deviation of differences, 28.8 mmHg; 95% limits of agreement, −28.9 to 82.6 mmHg) between toe pressure and TcPO2, reflecting limited agreement and increased variability at higher perfusion levels. Conclusion TcPO2 and toe pressure are strongly correlated. However, they are not interchangeable, particularly in DFU patients with high tissue perfusion.

Background: There are limited long-term clinical outcome data comparing first-generation (1G) versus second-generation (2G) drug-eluting stents (DES) in patients with single-vessel disease (SVD). We sought to compare the efficacy and safety of 1G- and 2G-DES in SVD patients who underwent successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) over 10 years of clinical follow-up. Methods: A total of 2,312 consecutive patients with SVD who underwent PCI with 1G-DES (paclitaxel- or sirolimus-eluting stents, n = 811) or 2G-DES (zotarolimus [Endeavor, Endeavor Resolute]- or everolimus-eluting stents [Promus Element, Xience], n = 1,082) were enrolled.After propensity score matching, 2 matched groups (538 pairs) were generated. Study endpoints included individual and composite clinical outcomes through 10 years. Results: During the 10-year follow-up, the 2G-DES group had lower incidences of myocardial infarction (MI; hazard ratio [HR], 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22–0.92; P = 0.028) and target lesion revascularization (TLR; HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.32–0.91; P = 0.021) than the 1G-DES group. Rates of total death, cardiac death, non-target vessel revascularization, stroke, major adverse cardiac events, and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events were similar between groups. Conclusions In our single-center, all-comer registry, 2G-DES were associated with lower incidence rates of MI and TLR compared to 1G-DES in SVD patients over 10 years of followup, indicating a safer and more durable effect than 1G-DES.

Background/Aims: Early colorectal cancer (ECC) is commonly resected endoscopically. Perforation is a devastating complication of endoscopic resection. We aimed to identify the characteristics and predictive risk factors for perforation related to endoscopic resection of ECC. Methods: This nationwide retrospective multicenter study included patients with ECC who underwent endoscopic resection. We investigated the demographics, endoscopic findings at the time of treatment, and histopathological characteristics of the resected specimens. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the clinical factors associated with procedure-related perforations. Survival analysis was conducted to assess the impact of perforation on the overall survival of patients with ECC. Results: This study included 965 participants with a mean age of 63.4 years. The most common endoscopic treatment was conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (n=573, 59.4%), followed by conventional endoscopic submucosal dissection (n=259, 26.8%). Thirty-three patients (3.4%) experienced perforations, most of which were managed endoscopically (n=23/33, 69.7%). Patients who undergo endoscopic submucosal dissection-hybrid and precut endoscopic mucosal resection have a higher risk of perforation than those who undergo conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (odds ratio, 78.65 and 39.72, p<0.05). Procedure-related perforations were not associated with patient survival. Conclusions Perforation after endoscopic resection had no significant impact on the prognosis of ECC. The type of endoscopic resection was a crucial predictor of perforation. Large-scale prospective studies are needed to further investigate endoscopic resection of ECC.

Background/Aims: Studies on the clinical outcomes after detecting low-grade dysplasia (LGD) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are insufficient. This study evaluated the clinical features, frequency, and risk factors for advanced neoplasia in patients with IBD after an LGD diagnosis. Methods: The medical records of 166 patients with IBD from six university hospitals in Korea from 2010 to 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. LGD was diagnosed in all patients during surveillance. The frequency and risk factors for advanced neoplasia were evaluated, and the clinical features of patients with and without advanced neoplasia were compared. Results: Advanced neoplasia developed in 12 patients (six with large LGD, three with tubulovillous adenoma, and three with high-grade dysplasia), and all cases developed from UC. Patients with advanced neoplasia had significantly higher Mayo scores, and colitis-associated dysplasia was more common than sporadic lesions (83.3% vs. 29.9%; p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that colitis-associated LGD significantly increased the risk of developing advanced neoplasia (odds ratio [OR], 10.516; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.064–53.577). Among patients with colitis-associated lesions, a significant risk factor for advanced neoplasia was a prior history of LGD (OR, 9.429; 95% CI, 1.330–66.863). Conclusions Advanced neoplasia developed in 7.2% of patients with IBD and LGD. Most advanced neoplasms developed from colitis-associated lesions, and the risk was higher in patients with a history of LGD before index colonoscopy.