Objective: It takes significant time and energy to collect data on explicit networks. This study used graph machine learning to identify hidden networks and predict mental health conditions in the middle-aged and old. Methods: Data came from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2016–2018), with 2,000 participants aged 56 or more. The dependent variable was mental disease (no vs. yes) in 2018. Twenty-eight predictors in 2016 were included. Graph machine learning with systematic hyper-parameter selection was conducted. Results: The area under the curve was similar across different models in different scenarios. However, sensitivity (93%) was highest for the graph random forest in the scenario of 2,000 participants and the centrality requirement of life satisfaction 90. Based on the graph random forest, top-10 determinants of mental disease were mental disease in previous period (2016), age, income, life satisfaction–health, life satisfaction–overall, subjective health, body mass index, life satisfaction–economic, children alive and health insurance. Especially, life satisfaction–overall was a top-5 determinant in the graph random forest, which considers life satisfaction as an emotional connection and a group interaction. Conclusion Improving an individual’s life satisfaction as a personal condition is expected to strengthen the individual’s emotional connection as a group interaction, which would reduce the risk of the individual’s mental disease in the end. This would bring an important clinical implication for highlighting the importance of a patient’s life satisfaction and emotional connection regarding the diagnosis and management of the patient’s mental disease.

Objective: It takes significant time and energy to collect data on explicit networks. This study used graph machine learning to identify hidden networks and predict mental health conditions in the middle-aged and old. Methods: Data came from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2016–2018), with 2,000 participants aged 56 or more. The dependent variable was mental disease (no vs. yes) in 2018. Twenty-eight predictors in 2016 were included. Graph machine learning with systematic hyper-parameter selection was conducted. Results: The area under the curve was similar across different models in different scenarios. However, sensitivity (93%) was highest for the graph random forest in the scenario of 2,000 participants and the centrality requirement of life satisfaction 90. Based on the graph random forest, top-10 determinants of mental disease were mental disease in previous period (2016), age, income, life satisfaction–health, life satisfaction–overall, subjective health, body mass index, life satisfaction–economic, children alive and health insurance. Especially, life satisfaction–overall was a top-5 determinant in the graph random forest, which considers life satisfaction as an emotional connection and a group interaction. Conclusion Improving an individual’s life satisfaction as a personal condition is expected to strengthen the individual’s emotional connection as a group interaction, which would reduce the risk of the individual’s mental disease in the end. This would bring an important clinical implication for highlighting the importance of a patient’s life satisfaction and emotional connection regarding the diagnosis and management of the patient’s mental disease.

Objective: It takes significant time and energy to collect data on explicit networks. This study used graph machine learning to identify hidden networks and predict mental health conditions in the middle-aged and old. Methods: Data came from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2016–2018), with 2,000 participants aged 56 or more. The dependent variable was mental disease (no vs. yes) in 2018. Twenty-eight predictors in 2016 were included. Graph machine learning with systematic hyper-parameter selection was conducted. Results: The area under the curve was similar across different models in different scenarios. However, sensitivity (93%) was highest for the graph random forest in the scenario of 2,000 participants and the centrality requirement of life satisfaction 90. Based on the graph random forest, top-10 determinants of mental disease were mental disease in previous period (2016), age, income, life satisfaction–health, life satisfaction–overall, subjective health, body mass index, life satisfaction–economic, children alive and health insurance. Especially, life satisfaction–overall was a top-5 determinant in the graph random forest, which considers life satisfaction as an emotional connection and a group interaction. Conclusion Improving an individual’s life satisfaction as a personal condition is expected to strengthen the individual’s emotional connection as a group interaction, which would reduce the risk of the individual’s mental disease in the end. This would bring an important clinical implication for highlighting the importance of a patient’s life satisfaction and emotional connection regarding the diagnosis and management of the patient’s mental disease.

Objective: It takes significant time and energy to collect data on explicit networks. This study used graph machine learning to identify hidden networks and predict mental health conditions in the middle-aged and old. Methods: Data came from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2016–2018), with 2,000 participants aged 56 or more. The dependent variable was mental disease (no vs. yes) in 2018. Twenty-eight predictors in 2016 were included. Graph machine learning with systematic hyper-parameter selection was conducted. Results: The area under the curve was similar across different models in different scenarios. However, sensitivity (93%) was highest for the graph random forest in the scenario of 2,000 participants and the centrality requirement of life satisfaction 90. Based on the graph random forest, top-10 determinants of mental disease were mental disease in previous period (2016), age, income, life satisfaction–health, life satisfaction–overall, subjective health, body mass index, life satisfaction–economic, children alive and health insurance. Especially, life satisfaction–overall was a top-5 determinant in the graph random forest, which considers life satisfaction as an emotional connection and a group interaction. Conclusion Improving an individual’s life satisfaction as a personal condition is expected to strengthen the individual’s emotional connection as a group interaction, which would reduce the risk of the individual’s mental disease in the end. This would bring an important clinical implication for highlighting the importance of a patient’s life satisfaction and emotional connection regarding the diagnosis and management of the patient’s mental disease.

Objective: It takes significant time and energy to collect data on explicit networks. This study used graph machine learning to identify hidden networks and predict mental health conditions in the middle-aged and old. Methods: Data came from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2016–2018), with 2,000 participants aged 56 or more. The dependent variable was mental disease (no vs. yes) in 2018. Twenty-eight predictors in 2016 were included. Graph machine learning with systematic hyper-parameter selection was conducted. Results: The area under the curve was similar across different models in different scenarios. However, sensitivity (93%) was highest for the graph random forest in the scenario of 2,000 participants and the centrality requirement of life satisfaction 90. Based on the graph random forest, top-10 determinants of mental disease were mental disease in previous period (2016), age, income, life satisfaction–health, life satisfaction–overall, subjective health, body mass index, life satisfaction–economic, children alive and health insurance. Especially, life satisfaction–overall was a top-5 determinant in the graph random forest, which considers life satisfaction as an emotional connection and a group interaction. Conclusion Improving an individual’s life satisfaction as a personal condition is expected to strengthen the individual’s emotional connection as a group interaction, which would reduce the risk of the individual’s mental disease in the end. This would bring an important clinical implication for highlighting the importance of a patient’s life satisfaction and emotional connection regarding the diagnosis and management of the patient’s mental disease.

This study reviews the recent progress of artificial intelligence for colonoscopy from detection to diagnosis. The source of data was 27 original studies in PubMed. The search terms were “colonoscopy” (title) and “deep learning” (abstract). The eligibility criteria were: (1) the dependent variable of gastrointestinal disease; (2) the interventions of deep learning for classification, detection and/or segmentation for colonoscopy; (3) the outcomes of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC), precision, F1, intersection of union (IOU), Dice and/or inference frames per second (FPS); (3) the publication year of 2021 or later; (4) the publication language of English. Based on the results of this study, different deep learning methods would be appropriate for different tasks for colonoscopy, e.g., Efficientnet with neural architecture search (AUC 99.8%) in the case of classification, You Only Look Once with the instance tracking head (F1 96.3%) in the case of detection, and Unet with dense-dilation-residual blocks (Dice 97.3%) in the case of segmentation. Their performance measures reported varied within 74.0–95.0% for accuracy, 60.0–93.0% for sensitivity, 60.0–100.0% for specificity, 71.0–99.8% for the AUC, 70.1–93.3% for precision, 81.0–96.3% for F1, 57.2–89.5% for the IOU, 75.1–97.3% for Dice and 66–182 for FPS. In conclusion, artificial intelligence provides an effective, non-invasive decision support system for colonoscopy from detection to diagnosis.

Objective: This study employs machine learning and population-based data to examine major factors of antidepressant medication including nitrogen dioxides (NO2) seasonality. Methods: Retrospective cohort data came from Korea National Health Insurance Service claims data for 43,251 participants with the age of 15–79 years, residence in the same districts of Seoul and no history of antidepressant medication during 2002–2012. The dependent variable was antidepressant-free months during 2013–2015 and the 103 independent variables for 2012 or 2015 were considered, e.g., particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometer in diameter (PM2.5), PM10, NO2, ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) in each of 12 months in 2015. Results: It was found that the Cox hazard ratios of NO2 were statistically significant and registered values larger than 10 for every three months: March, June–July, October, and December. Based on random forest variable importance and Cox hazard ratios in brackets, indeed, the top 20 factors of antidepressant medication included age (0.0041 [1.69–2.25]), migraine and sleep disorder (0.0029 [1.82]), liver disease (0.0017 [1.33–1.34]), exercise (0.0014), thyroid disease (0.0013), cardiovascular disease (0.0013 [1.20]), asthma (0.0008 [1.19–1.20]), September NO2 (0.0008 [0.01]), alcohol consumption (0.0008 [1.31–1.32]), gender - woman (0.0007 [1.80–1.81]), July NO2 (0.0007 [14.93]), July PM10 (0.0007), the proportion of the married (0.0005), January PM2.5 (0.0004), September PM2.5 (0.0004), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (0.0004), economic satisfaction (0.0004), January PM10 (0.0003), residents in welfare facilities per 1,000 (0.0003 [0.97]), and October NO2 (0.0003). Conclusion Antidepressant medication has strong associations with neighborhood conditions including NO2 seasonality and welfare support.

To review the recent progress of machine learning for the early diagnosis of depression (major depressive disorder). The source of data was 32 original studies in the Web of Science. The search terms were “depression” (title) and “random forest” (abstract). The eligibility criteria were the dependent variable of depression, the interventions of machine learning (the decision tree, the naïve Bayesian, the random forest, the support vector machine and/or the artificial neural network), the outcomes of accuracy and/or the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the early diagnosis of depression, the publication year of 2000 or later, the publication language of English and the publication journal of SCIE/SSCI. Different machine learning methods would be appropriate for different types of data for the early diagnosis of depression, e.g., logistic regression, the random forest, the support vector machine and/or the artificial neural network in the case of numeric data, the random forest in the case of genomic data. Their performance measures reported varied within 60.1–100.0 for accuracy and 64.0–96.0 for the AUC. Machine learning provides an effective, non-invasive decision support system for early diagnosis of depression.

This study reviews recent advances on the application of artificial intelligence for the early diagnosis of various maternal-fetal conditions such as preterm birth and abnormal fetal growth. It is found in this study that various machine learning methods have been successfully employed for different kinds of data capture with regard to early diagnosis of maternal-fetal conditions. With the more popular use of artificial intelligence, ethical issues should also be considered accordingly.

Background: This study used machine learning and population data for testing the associations of preterm birth with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and periodontitis. Methods: Retrospective cohort data came from Korea National Health Insurance Service claims data for all women who aged 25–40 years and gave births for the first time as singleton pregnancy during 2015–2017 (405,586 women). The dependent variable was preterm birth during 2015–2017 and the independent variables were GERD (coded as no vs. yes) for each of the years 2002–2014, periodontitis (coded as no vs. yes) for each of the years 2002–2014, age (year) in 2014, socioeconomic status in 2014 measured by an insurance fee, and region (city) (coded as no vs. yes) in 2014. Random forest variable importance was adopted for finding main predictors of preterm birth and testing its associations with GERD and periodontitis. Results: Based on random forest variable importance, main predictors of preterm birth during 2015–2017 were socioeconomic status in 2014, age in 2014, GERD for the years 2012, 2014, 2010, 2013, 2007 and 2009, region (city) in 2014 and GERD for the year 2006. The importance rankings of periodontitis were relatively low. Conclusion Preterm birth has a stronger association with GERD than with periodontitis. For the prevention of preterm birth, preventive measures for GERD would be essential together with the improvement of socioeconomic status for pregnant women. Especially, it would be vital to promote active counseling for general GERD symptoms (neglected by pregnant women).