Food allergy is one of the most prevalent chronic non-infectious diseases globally, with an increasing incidence.In 2024, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology published guidelines on the management of immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy.The guidelines employ the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation evaluation system and put forth 14 recommendations pertaining to 5 key areas: dietary intervention, psychological support, management plans, allergen-specific immunotherapy, and biological agents.This article interprets the guidelines from the perspective of strength, reasons, and practical significance.The aim is to provide a reference for clinical work and to improve the level of management of food allergies.

The incidence of food allergy is on the rise, with the capacity to impact various organ systems, including but not limited to the skin, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system.In extreme cases, these allergies can result in anaphylaxis.Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated type Ⅰ hypersensitivity reactions are a common cause of food allergy and are the primary pathway to anaphylaxis.Omalizumab, the first biologic therapy approved for the treatment of IgE-mediated food allergy, can be incorporated into a comprehensive management strategy for food allergy sufferers.However, due to the lack of definitive evidence, the safety and efficacy of Omalizumab in all patients with IgE-mediated food allergy remain equivocal.In light of this, Global Allergy and Asthma European Network Anaphylaxis Centres of Reference and Excellence convened a panel of experts to deliberate on the appropriate patient and therapeutic strategies for Omalizumab, culminating in a consensus statement.This paper aimed to interpret the consensus proposed by the experts, with the objective of assisting clinicians in better understanding the application of Omazumab in patients with IgE-mediated food allergy.

The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2025 has conducted a comprehensive revision of the diagnosis and management of asthma in children aged 5 years and younger.The most important update is the first-time proposal of the specific conditions for asthma diagnosis in this age group.This article aims to interpret the relevant content of diagnosis, exacerbation management, assessment and treatment of asthma in children aged 5 years and younger in GINA 2025.It is hoped that this will provide a reference for clinical practice and enhance the management of asthma in children aged 5 years and younger.

The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) continues to optimize asthma treatment strategies and has introduced the concepts of anti-inflammatory reliever (AIR) and maintenance and reliever therapy(MART). AIR mainly includes Budesonide-Formoterol, Beclomethasone-Formoterol, and inhaled corticosteroids(ICS)combined with short-acting beta2-agonist.MART refers to a treatment regimen that utilizes the same ICS-Formoterol combination for both maintenance and reliever therapy.Currently, AIR and MART are recommended for the treatment of asthma in children aged 6 years and older, adolescents and adults.This article provides an interpretation of the pediatric AIR and MART content in GINA 2025, highlighting their clinical application in pediatric asthma treatment and their role in asthma action plans, with the aim of providing a reference for clinicians to optimize the treatment of pediatric asthma.

Food allergy is one of the most prevalent chronic non-infectious diseases globally, with an increasing incidence.In 2024, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology published guidelines on the management of immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy.The guidelines employ the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation evaluation system and put forth 14 recommendations pertaining to 5 key areas: dietary intervention, psychological support, management plans, allergen-specific immunotherapy, and biological agents.This article interprets the guidelines from the perspective of strength, reasons, and practical significance.The aim is to provide a reference for clinical work and to improve the level of management of food allergies.

The incidence of food allergy is on the rise, with the capacity to impact various organ systems, including but not limited to the skin, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system.In extreme cases, these allergies can result in anaphylaxis.Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated type Ⅰ hypersensitivity reactions are a common cause of food allergy and are the primary pathway to anaphylaxis.Omalizumab, the first biologic therapy approved for the treatment of IgE-mediated food allergy, can be incorporated into a comprehensive management strategy for food allergy sufferers.However, due to the lack of definitive evidence, the safety and efficacy of Omalizumab in all patients with IgE-mediated food allergy remain equivocal.In light of this, Global Allergy and Asthma European Network Anaphylaxis Centres of Reference and Excellence convened a panel of experts to deliberate on the appropriate patient and therapeutic strategies for Omalizumab, culminating in a consensus statement.This paper aimed to interpret the consensus proposed by the experts, with the objective of assisting clinicians in better understanding the application of Omazumab in patients with IgE-mediated food allergy.

The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2025 has conducted a comprehensive revision of the diagnosis and management of asthma in children aged 5 years and younger.The most important update is the first-time proposal of the specific conditions for asthma diagnosis in this age group.This article aims to interpret the relevant content of diagnosis, exacerbation management, assessment and treatment of asthma in children aged 5 years and younger in GINA 2025.It is hoped that this will provide a reference for clinical practice and enhance the management of asthma in children aged 5 years and younger.

The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) continues to optimize asthma treatment strategies and has introduced the concepts of anti-inflammatory reliever (AIR) and maintenance and reliever therapy(MART). AIR mainly includes Budesonide-Formoterol, Beclomethasone-Formoterol, and inhaled corticosteroids(ICS)combined with short-acting beta2-agonist.MART refers to a treatment regimen that utilizes the same ICS-Formoterol combination for both maintenance and reliever therapy.Currently, AIR and MART are recommended for the treatment of asthma in children aged 6 years and older, adolescents and adults.This article provides an interpretation of the pediatric AIR and MART content in GINA 2025, highlighting their clinical application in pediatric asthma treatment and their role in asthma action plans, with the aim of providing a reference for clinicians to optimize the treatment of pediatric asthma.

In recent years, rituximab has been gradually used in the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). Compared with traditional treatments, the safety and effectiveness of rituximab in the treatment of IMN have been confirmed, which induces remission in 60%-80% of patients. For the remaining 20%-40% patients, several mechanisms can explain rituximab resistance: decreased rituximab bioavailability; internalized by targeted B cells; the generation of anti-rituximab antibody; chronic and irreversible damage to the glomerular filtration barrier; autoreactive B-cell clones in secondary lymphoid organs that cannot be effectively eliminated. The treatment of patients with rituximab-refractory IMN remains controversial and challenging. The recognition of IMN as an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease has rationalized the use of immunosuppressive drugs such as B cell-targeted therapies, plasma cell-targeted therapies, and complement inhibitors. This review mainly summarizes recent advances in the understanding of the physiological mechanisms of rituximab resistance, and in the management of rituximab-refractory IMN, aiming to aid in the clinical management of IMN.

AIM: To explore a more convenient and accurate method for evaluating the anterior chamber angle width based on the Van Herick method.METHODS:A total of 58 patients(69 eyes)with age-related cataract who visited our hospital between January and December 2021 were included. They were divided into the chamber angle width ≥1/2 corneal thickness(CT)group(44 eyes of 37 cases)and <1/2CT group(25 eyes of 21 cases)according to the Van Herick method. The central anterior chamber depths and the peripheral anterior chamber angle degrees were measured by ultrasound biomicroscopy.RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in central anterior chamber depth between the two groups(2.64±0.27 mm vs. 2.23±0.29 mm, P<0.01), and the differences of chamber angle degrees of quadrants of superior, temporal, inferior and nasal compared between two groups were all statistically significant(P<0.01). The difference of chamber angle degrees of quadrants of superior and inferior in chamber angle width ≥1/2CT group was not statistically significant(P>0.05), while the differences of chamber angle degrees of other quadrants were all statistically significant(P<0.05). The differences of chamber angle degrees of quadrants of superior and nasal, temporal and the chamber angle degrees of quadrants of inferior and temporal were all statistically significant in chamber angle width <1/2CT group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: In the overall evaluation of the anterior chamber angle, it would be more simple, fast and accurate when evaluating the temporal chamber angle width and inferior quadrant of chamber angle width by using the Van Herick method under silt lamp.