Objective:To investigate the application value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging(CMR) in evaluating the perioperative risk of surgical treatment in patients of coronary artery disease and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.Methods:A total of 78 patients diagnosed with CAD and HFrEF who underwent CABG in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January 2018 to October 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. All patients underwent CMR examination before CABG. The perioperative data of the two groups were compared, and the risk factors that may lead to perioperative MACCE were analyzed by LASSO regression. Then, logistic regression was used to establish a prediction model and internal validation was performed to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency and accuracy of the model by Bootstrap method. Results:There were 24 patients(30.8%) with perioperative MACCE and 54 patients(69.2%) without perioperative MACCE. LASSO regression was used to screen out three factors related to the outcome. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that LGE in the third and eighth segment of left ventricle and diastolic radial strain rate were independent risk factors for perioperative MACCE. The area under the curve of the prediction model constructed with CMR was 0.799(95% CI: 0.696-0.901), so the discrimination was good. The calibration curve showed that the prediction curve was basically fit to the standard curve, and the Hosmer- Lemeshow test P=0.797, indicating high prediction accuracy. Conclusion:CMR is a valuable test for evaluating perioperative risk in patients with coronary heart disease complicated with HFrEF. To establish the risk prediction model combined with CMR can provide some reference for the assessment of perioperative risk in these patients undergoing surgical treatment.

Objective:To investigate the application value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging(CMR) in evaluating the perioperative risk of surgical treatment in patients of coronary artery disease and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.Methods:A total of 78 patients diagnosed with CAD and HFrEF who underwent CABG in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January 2018 to October 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. All patients underwent CMR examination before CABG. The perioperative data of the two groups were compared, and the risk factors that may lead to perioperative MACCE were analyzed by LASSO regression. Then, logistic regression was used to establish a prediction model and internal validation was performed to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency and accuracy of the model by Bootstrap method. Results:There were 24 patients(30.8%) with perioperative MACCE and 54 patients(69.2%) without perioperative MACCE. LASSO regression was used to screen out three factors related to the outcome. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that LGE in the third and eighth segment of left ventricle and diastolic radial strain rate were independent risk factors for perioperative MACCE. The area under the curve of the prediction model constructed with CMR was 0.799(95% CI: 0.696-0.901), so the discrimination was good. The calibration curve showed that the prediction curve was basically fit to the standard curve, and the Hosmer- Lemeshow test P=0.797, indicating high prediction accuracy. Conclusion:CMR is a valuable test for evaluating perioperative risk in patients with coronary heart disease complicated with HFrEF. To establish the risk prediction model combined with CMR can provide some reference for the assessment of perioperative risk in these patients undergoing surgical treatment.

Warfarin is an irreplaceable oral anticoagulant for patients with mechanical heart valves, the stable pharmacogenetic-based warfarin dose prediction algorithms have improved the effectiveness and safety of warfarin anticoagulation therapy. Genetic factors are the main factors affecting the stable dose of warfarin. Single nucleotide polymorphisms such as VKORC1 and CYP2C9 affect the anticoagulation effect of warfarin through pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic pathways. Age, body surface area, combined use of drugs, and other nongenetic factors also affect the stable dose of warfarin. Previously published algorithms for warfarin dose prediction included mainly the white race, and most algorithms were constructed using traditional multiple linear regression. However, domestic studies have used machine learning methods to construct warfarin dose prediction algorithms based on the Chinese Han post-mechanical valve replacement population and have achieved better prediction efficiency. This article reviews the advances of warfarin anticoagulation influencing factors and the clinical application of stable dose prediction algorithms.

Warfarin is an irreplaceable oral anticoagulant for patients with mechanical heart valves, the stable pharmacogenetic-based warfarin dose prediction algorithms have improved the effectiveness and safety of warfarin anticoagulation therapy. Genetic factors are the main factors affecting the stable dose of warfarin. Single nucleotide polymorphisms such as VKORC1 and CYP2C9 affect the anticoagulation effect of warfarin through pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic pathways. Age, body surface area, combined use of drugs, and other nongenetic factors also affect the stable dose of warfarin. Previously published algorithms for warfarin dose prediction included mainly the white race, and most algorithms were constructed using traditional multiple linear regression. However, domestic studies have used machine learning methods to construct warfarin dose prediction algorithms based on the Chinese Han post-mechanical valve replacement population and have achieved better prediction efficiency. This article reviews the advances of warfarin anticoagulation influencing factors and the clinical application of stable dose prediction algorithms.

Objective:To investigate the value of myocardium scar area in predicting adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM).Methods:The first part of this study was a retrospective study. Patients diagnosed with ICM and undergoing CABG surgery at Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2017 to December 2022 were enrolled as the discovery cohort. All patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance-late gadolinium enhancement (CMR-LGE) before surgery. According to the occurrence of postoperative MACEs, the patients were divided into MACEs group and MACEs-free group. Preoperative clinical and imaging data, intraoperative and postoperative data were collected and compared between the two groups. The primary endpoint was postoperative MACEs. Univariate and multifactor regression analyses were used to analyze the risk factors for MACEs. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the predictive efficacy and optimal cut-off value of myocardial scar area for endpoint events. The second part of this study was a prospective study. Patients with ICM who received CABG at Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2023 to June 2023 were enrolled as a validation cohort, and were divided into MACEs group and MACEs-free group according to whether MACEs occurred after surgery. Preoperative clinical and imaging data, intraoperative and postoperative data were collected and compared between the two groups. Verify the reliability of the cut-off value obtained by ROC curve in the validation cohort.Results:A total of 120 patients with ICM (30 patients in MACEs group and 90 patients in MACEs-free group), aged (61.6±8.7) years, including 93 males, were included in the discovery cohort. A total of 22 ICM patients (5 patients in MACEs group and 17 patients in MACEs-free group), aged (59.5±8.2) years, including 18 males, were included in the validation cohort. Multivariate Cox regression showed that myocardial scar area ( HR=1.258, 95% CI 1.096-1.444, P=0.001) was an independent risk factor for the primary endpoint event. The area under ROC curve of myocardial scar area for predicting postoperative MACEs was 0.90 (95% CI 0.83-0.95), and myocardial scar area≥36.0% was the optimal cut-off value for predicting postoperative MACEs, and its sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 96.7%, 72.2% and 78.3%, respectively. In the validation cohort, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of myocardial scar area in predicting postoperative MACEs in patients with ICM after CABG were 80.0%, 82.4% and 81.8%, respectively. Conclusion:Myocardial scar area is an independent risk factor for MACEs after CABG in patients with ICM, and myocardial scar area≥36.0% is the optimal cut-off value for predicting MACEs after CABG. Myocardial scar area can help to identify patients at high risk of surgery and provide a basis for risk stratification of patients.

Objective:To compare the diagnostic efficacy of 22 G fine needle aspiration (FNA) needles and 22 G end-cutting fine needle biopsy (FNB) needles for solid pancreatic lesion using both cytological and histological examination.Methods:Clinical data of 116 patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration/biopsy (EUS-FNA/FNB) at the Digestive Endoscopy Center of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from June 2022 to March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Sixty-three patients sampled with 22 G FNA needles were the FNA group, and 53 sampled with 22 G FNB needles were the FNB group. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and cytological and histological diagnostic yield of FNA needles and FNB needles for solid pancreatic lesions were compared.Results:There were no significant differences in age, gender, lesion location, lesion size, or the number of passes between the FNA group and the FNB group ( P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the diagnostic accuracy [93.7% (59/63) VS 90.6% (48/53), P=0.730], sensitivity [93.0% (53/57) VS 90.2% (46/51), P=0.732], specificity [100.0% (6/6) VS 100.0% (2/2), P=1.000], positive predictive value [100.0% (53/53) VS 100.0% (46/46), P=1.000] and negative predictive value [60.0% (6/10) VS 28.6% (2/7), P=0.335] of combined cytology and histology in distinguishing benign and malignant lesions between the two groups. In the FNA group, the diagnostic accuracy of combined cytology and histology was higher than cytology alone [93.7% (59/63) VS 81.0% (51/63), P=0.008], and was higher than histology alone without statistical significance [93.7% (59/63) VS 87.3% (55/63), P=0.125]. In the FNB group, the diagnostic accuracy of combined cytology and histology was higher than cytology alone [90.6% (48/53) VS 69.8% (37/53), P=0.001], but not than histology alone [90.6% (48/53) VS 90.6% (48/53)， P=1.000]. For solid masses located in pancreatic body/tail, the diagnostic accuracy for malignancy by histology using FNB needles tended to be higher than that of FNA needles [100.0% (17/17) VS 81.3% (26/32), P=0.080]. Conclusion:Both FNA needles and FNB needles exhibit adequate diagnostic yield for solid pancreatic masses when combining cytology and histology. FNB needles may offer a higher histological diagnostic yield.

The saphenous vein has been one of the most commonly used vascular materials for coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG), but the low long-term patency of the vein grafts limits the surgical benefits of CABG. The traditional method of saphenous vein harvesting is more damaging to the venous structures, which has led to the development of no-touch saphenous vein harvesting techniques. In this paper, we review the clinical progress of no-touch saphenous vein in CABG and the potential mechanisms of this technique, to improve the patency of vein grafts by analyzing the latest literature and research progress at the domestic and international level.

Including gut microbiota and oral microbiota, various microorganisms in different human ecosystem constitute the human microbiota, which play an important role in human metabolism, immunity and maintaining microecological homeostasis. Abnormal changes in gut microbiota known as dysbiosis may lead to metabolic abnormalities and inflammatory changes, which are closely related to disease states including hypertension, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune diseases. The main cause of coronary artery disease is coronary atherosclerosis, a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease. Many evidences have shown that there is a correlation between gut microbiota and coronary artery disease. Therefore, we aim to review the relationship between gut microbiota and coronary artery disease, and discuss the possible research directions and application prospects.

Objective     To analyze the efficacy of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) in elderly patients with coronary artery disease complicated with moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation. Methods     The clinical data of patients aged≥70 years with coronary artery disease complicated with moderate mitral regurgitation, and undergoing OPCABG from January 2009 to January 2020 in Beijing Anzhen Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The echocardiographic indicators of the patients were compared preoperatively, postoperatively before discharge and during the follow-up. Results     Finally 239 patients were enrolled. There were 136 males and 103 females, aged 74.1±3.2 years. Before postoperative discharge, 49 (20.5%) patients had no mitral regurgitation, 144 (60.3%) mild regurgitation, 46 (19.2%) moderate regurgitation, and 0 severe regurgitation. The area of mitral regurgitation was significantly improved (2.5±1.8 cm2 vs. 5.6±1.0 cm2, P<0.001). There were 10 (4.2%) patients of hospital death, 23 (9.6%) of low cardiac output, 3 (1.3%) of myocardial infarction, and 8 (3.3%) of nervous system injury after operation. As a result, 208 (90.8%) patients were followed up and the mean follow-up time was 3.4 years (range 1-9 years). The cumulative survival rates at postoperative 2, 4, 6, and 8 years were 95.8%, 88.0%, 78.4%, and 73.1%, respectively. Postoperative follow-up showed significant improvements compared with those before surgery in the area of mitral regurgitation, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic and left ventricular end-systolic diameters (all P<0.05). Duirng the follow-up, the major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events were all cause death in 22 (10.6%) patients, including cardiac death in 17 (8.2%) patients, myocardial infarction in 7 (3.4%) patients, heart failure in 24 (11.5%) patients, cerebrovascular events in 11 (5.3%) patients, re-hospitalization due to heart disease in 23 (11.1%) patients, and none of the patients with myocardial infarction were revascularized. Conclusion     The mid- and long-term outcomes of OPCABG in the treatment for elderly patients with coronary artery disease complicated with moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation is good.

Objective:To analysis the risk factors of early death and long-term outcomes of myocardial infarction complicated with ventricular septal rupture.Methods:A total of 135 patients with myocardial infarction complicated with ventricular septal rupture in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January 2008 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the survival or death within 30 days after ventricular septal rupture, the patients were divided into the early survival group(n=71)and the early death group(n=64). The clinical characteristics of the two groups were observed, and the risk factors for early death group were analyzed.The long-term outcomes of the surgery group(n=69)and the non-surgery group(n=66)was analyzed.Results:The early mortality rate of patients with myocardial infarction complicated with ventricular septal rupture was 47.4%(64/135). Univariate analysis showed that age, sex, white blood cell count, platelet count, C-reactive protein level, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, abnormal liver function, pulmonary infection, no surgery repair and Killip grade ≥3 were associated with early death as compared with the early survival group(all P<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that no surgery repair( OR=16.103, 95% CI: 4.400-58.930, P<0.001)and Killip≥3 grade( OR=9.014, 95% CI: 2.506-32.428, P=0.001)and abnormal liver function( OR=5.171, 95% CI: 1.388-19.264, P=0.014)were independent risk factors for early death in patients with myocardial infarction complicated with ventricular septal rupture.During follow-up of 1.0 to 11.8(median 3.2)years, the 2-year and 10-year cumulative survival rates were significantly higher in the surgery group than in the non-surgery group(76.7% vs.16.7%, P<0.001; 73.1% vs.16.7%, P<0.001). Conclusions:No surgical repair, Killip grade ≥3 and abnormal liver function are independent risk factors for early death in patients with myocardial infarction complicated with ventricular septal rupture.The long-term outcomes of surgical treatment for myocardial infarction complicated with ventricular septal rupture is good.