Background: In the revised ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR, Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) has been officially recognized as a distinct mental disorder. This condition is characterized by a grief reaction following the death of a close person that persists beyond the expected period (more than 12 months for adults in DSM-5-TR; more than 6 months in ICD-11), significantly impairing quality of life, social functioning, and psychological stability. To assist in the early detection and diagnosis of PGD, researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine, New York developed the Prolonged Grief Disorder–13, revised (PG-13-R) self-report measure in 2020, based on the diagnostic criteria of ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR. Although this instrument has been translated and validated in several languages, no validated Mongolian version has been available, forming the rationale for this study. Aim: To examine the psychometric properties—including reliability and validity—of the Mongolian version of the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13, revised (PG-13-R) scale. Materials and Methods: Permission to use the PG-13-R was obtained from the original author (H.G. Prigerson) in November 2024. The study proposal and methods were reviewed and approved by the Academic Council of the University of Humanities (Approval No. A/19), adhering to ethical research guidelines. The translation process followed international recommendations, including forward translation, back-translation, and expert review by linguists. A pilot test was conducted to ensure clarity of each item. The main study included 442 participants (81.9% female; mean age = 41.8±12.4 years) who had experienced bereavement at least six months prior to participation. Results: The Mongolian version of the PG-13-R demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.92; McDonald’s ω = 0.93). The split-half correlation was r = 0.87, indicating high internal correlation. The test–retest reliability was strong, with an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.82 (item ICCs ranging from 0.55 to 0.88), confirming temporal stability. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was 0.89, indicating good content validity. Regarding criterion and convergent validity, the Mongolian PG-13-R showed statistically significant negative correlations with the WHOQOL- BREF subdomains (physical health, psychological, social relationships, and environment) and moderate positive correlations with HADS anxiety and depression scores, consistent with theoretical expectations. Factor analysis results indicated that the data were suitable for analysis (KMO=0.93; Bartlett’s test p<0.001). A single factor with eigenvalue >1 emerged, explaining 62.1% of the total variance, with factor loadings ranging from 0.63 to 0.87, consistent with the original structure. Conclusion The Mongolian version of the PG-13-R scale exhibited a stable one-factor structure and demonstrated strong reliability and validity. It is a psychometrically sound and effective tool for assessing prolonged grief among the Mongolian population.

Purpose: Kidney function assessment method is improving gradually. New biomarkers are studied and started using in clinical practice, such as beta 2 microglobulin. Beta 2 microglobulin is improving diagnostic and prognosis in CKD patients. We aimed to assess convenience usage of B2MG alone and B2MG based eGFR in Mongolian patients. Materials and method: We included 116 patients diagnosed with CKD and 55 donors whom with normal kidney function. We collected participant's blood sample by venipuncture in plain vacutainer. Creatinine, urea, cystatin C, B2MG were tested by Roche Cobas C311 equipment in serum. eGFR was calculated by online calculation from NKF. B2MG based eGFR was calculated by eGFR=133*B2M^-0.852 Result: Assessment of kidney biomarkers and eGFR was significantly correlated in both groups. Measured serum creatinine was 3.37 mg/dl in CKD patients and 0.87 mg/dl in donors. Serum urea was 97.6 mg/dl, 31.1 mg/dl, cystatin C 3.05 mg/L, 1.49mg/L and beta 2 microglobulin 10.65 mg/L, 2.43 mg/L respectively. Estimated GFR was 21.5-28.4 ml/min/1.73m2 in CKD patients and 47.7-103.9 ml/min/1.73m2 in donors. Assessing kidney function by biomarkers (r=0.720-0.918, p<0.05), and eGFR (r=0.495-0.996, p<0.05) were significantly correlated in both groups. Conclusion B2MG can be used in clinical practice in Mongolia. B2MG is optional with creatinine, urea, cystatin C for assessing and improving kidney function.

Introduction: Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that key role in the innate immune system. The SOCS1 and SHP2 proteins are negative-feed loop inhibitors of signaling of JAK/STAT and TLRs pathways. Purpose: To determine negative regulator protein activation which is activated through TLR7 ligand/IFN-γ signal transduction in endothelial cells. Methods: We used mouse aortic linear endothelial cell (END-D); protein expressio was detected by western blotting Results: We analyzed a time dependent stimulation effects of negative regulator proteins stimulated by TLR7 ligand/IFN-γ in endothelial cell cultures. Imiquimod of 10 μg/ml treatment of 1 hr was followed by 100 ng/ml IFN-γ stimulation for 1-8hr to analysis of negative regulator SOCS1 and SHP2 protein expression.
In untreated cells, there was low activations of negative regulator SOCS1 and SHP2 proteins. IFN-γ stimulation alone had increased SOCS1 and SHP2 protein expressions, also imiquimod treatment highly elevated SOCS1 and SHP2 expressions. However imiquimod and IFN-γ doubled treatment have decreased activation of negative regulator SOCS1 and SHP2 proteins. These findings suggest SOCS1 and SHP2 proteins are inhibitors in the TLR7 ligand/IFN-γ signaling. Conclusion Negative regulators, SOCS1 and SHP2 strongly suppressed activations of TLR7 ligand/IFN-γ signaling

Introduction: When human body encounters external pathogens primary/innate immunity cells are activated by recognizing them and secondary/adaptive immunity is activated consecutively. In our previous study, we revealed that there is a synergistic action between TLR9 and IFN-γ signaling in the endothelial cells. Purpose: To determine the role of negative and positive regulator proteins on the IFN-γ/TLR9 signaling pathway. Methods: In this study, murine endothelial cell (END-D) culture was used. END-D cells pre-treated with TLR9 ligand CpG DNA and then stimulated with IFN-γ. The negative (SHP-2, SOCS1, PIAS1) and positive (p38) regulator protein expression was detected by Western blotting. Results and Conclusion Treatment by TLR9 ligand CpG DNA and IFN-γ increased positive regulator p38 phosphorylation in 0.5 hour. CpG DNA inhibited IFN-γ negative regulator PIAS1 protein expression in 6 hour and SOCS1 and SHP-2 expression could not affect in 4 hour.

The present study was conducted to assess relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and dental caries among 12 years old school children of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 533 school children aged 12 years, selected from 6 schools of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city. 533 children were divided into 2 groups according to the fluoride concentration of the waters. The all children were examined oral examination, dental caries was assessed by the DMF-T index. The result of the present study revealed that the caries prevalence in the study population was about 68,9%, and mean DMF-T was 3.05. Water fluoride concentration was highest in Khan-Uul district with 0.622ppm. There was highest prevalence of caries in children who consume water from filtration system in both districts.

The present study was conducted to assess relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and dental caries among 12 years old school children of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia.A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 533 school children aged 12 years, selected from 6 schools of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city. 533 children were divided into 2 groups according to the fluoride concentration of the waters. The all children were examined oral examination, dental caries was assessed by the DMF-T index.The result of the present study revealed that the caries prevalence in the study population was about 68,9%, and mean DMF-T was 3.05. Water fluoride concentration was highest in Khan-Uul district with 0.622ppm.There was highest prevalence of caries in children who consume water from filtration system in both districts.

World population relatively common viral diseasespread among the population are one of the mosttroubling health problems. Viral diseases includingherpes virus infections, herpes infections occurin many forms, including clinical herpes simplexinfections in the world are one of the common diseasesspread. HSV-1 and HSV-2 are transmitted by contactwith an infected area of the skin during reactivationsof the virus. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 isperiodically shed in the human genital tract, most oftenasymptomatically, and most sexual transmissionsoccur during asymptomatic shedding. There have been many diagnostic techniques for HSV infections, including new viral detection methods and serological tests. We detection of herpes simlex virus by ELISA. Of 341 patient involved 43% (148) male, 57% (193) female. For all served patient 65.6% (224) were dominated by 20-40 years old. There were symptoms are herpes simplex virus infection in 23.4% (80) was 40% (32) male and 60% (48)female.