Background: Copper is a mineral that is involved in many functions og the human body and copper has antibacterial reaction. However many scientists have studied the antibacterial activity of nano copper, in our country, the lack of research is the basis of our research. Aim: Determination of antibacterial activity of colloidal copper (CuNP) Materials and Methods: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Review Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences on February 18, 2022 (Protocol No. 2022/3-02). An ionized copper solution was produced by passing an electric current (19–20 V, 3–5 A, for 24 h) through sterilized distilled water using copper plates. Ascorbic acid was then added to prepare colloidal copper. The concentration was determined using a PPM meter, and the solution was filtered through a 0.22 µm bacterial filter. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against standard bacterial strains were determined by the broth dilution method. To determine the bactericidal time, bacterial cultures were exposed to the bactericidal concentration and subcultured hourly for 10 hours. Additionally, antibacterial activity was evaluated on Mueller–Hinton agar using the disk diffusion method according to CLSI standards, where 20 µL of colloidal copper was applied onto antibiotic disks. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, and the diameter of the inhibition zones was measured. Result: The concentration of the prepared colloidal copper was 0.7 ppm. Using the broth dilution method, complete bactericidal activity was observed at 0.006 ppm against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely killed at 0.008 ppm. In terms of exposure time, complete bacterial killing occurred after 2 hours for S. enteritidis and K. pneumoniae, after 6 hours for E. coli, and after 11 hours for P. aeruginosa. In addition, antibacterial activity was evaluated on Mueller–Hinton agar using the disk diffusion method according to CLSI standards. Colloidal copper increased the inhibition zone diameter of most antibiotics by 1–5 mm, particularly against P. aeruginosa. In K. pneumoniae, the activity of aztreonam and ceftriaxone was enhanced. When evaluating the inhibition zone diameter of cefotaxime against E. coli, the susceptibility result changed from intermediate to susceptible, while no significant change was observed for the other antibiotics tested. For K. pneumoniae, the addition of colloidal copper increased the inhibition zone diameter of aztreonam and ceftriaxone by approximately 1–2 mm. In P. aeruginosa, the inhibition zone diameters of most antibiotics increased by 1–5 mm; however, the activity of imipenem decreased. For S. enteritidis, most antibiotics showed an increase in susceptibility of approximately 1–2 mm, while ceftriaxone showed no observable effect. Conclusion 1. Colloidal copper solution, at low concentrations, exhibits bactericidal activity against some Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria. 2. Colloidal copper solution shows a synergistic effect with certain drugs, enhancing their activity; however, it exhibits an inhibitory effect on the activity of imipenem.

Background: In the modern era, information technology has become an integral component of the healthcare sector, increasingly requiring healthcare providers to possess basic computer literacy and information technology skills to effectively manage and utilize care delivery technologies. With the rapid digitalization of health information systems across all levels of healthcare facilities, there has been a transition toward electronic platforms, where comprehensive patient data are entered into databases and managed through digital applications. Consequently, the delivery of nursing care through electronic systems and technologies has placed growing demands on nurses to develop strong informatics skills and competencies. Aim: To describe the informatics competency of nurses in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional design was used for the study. Data were collected from 233 nurses who use information technology. Study setting was taken from three hospitals including National Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics (NCTO), National Center for Communicable Diseases (NCCD), Ulaanbaatar Railway Hospital by using convenience sampling method. The self-assessment of Nursing Informatics Competency instrument for evaluating the informatics competence of nurses has 48 questions and is rated on a 1-4 Likert scale. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were calculated using SPSS-25.0 Result: The quality of life among those with breast cancer was at a moderate level with the mean overall score of 58.8 (SD=13.08). The results of this study shown that the average age of subjects as (36±9.4) and 31.3% of participants were 20-29 years old. The majority of the subjects were 73.4% (n=171) use the computer several times a day, and 81.5% (n=190) use the computer more than 2 hours a day. 51.1% of nurses’ informatics skills are relatively good. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age (β=–0.287, p=0.032) and computer use (β=–0.156, p=0.017) were significant predictors of total informatics competency among nurses. Increasing age was associated with a decrease in informatics competency scores. Other variables including gender, years of experience, education level, professional rank, and computer utilization were not statistically significant predictors. Conclusion The level of nurses’ informatics competency was determined to be 51.1%. Age and computer usage were identified as significant factors influencing nurses’ informatics competency.

Background: Respiratory and gastrointestinal infectious diseases are the leading causes of morbidity in children. Numerous international studies have demonstrated that handwashing with soap is one of the most effective and cost-efficient methods for preventing these diseases in children. A previous study conducted in Ulaanbaatar found that only 50.1% of general education school students practiced proper handwashing, which is considered insufficient even in areas with relatively adequate facilities. In Mongolia, 56.1% of the 865 schools lack handwashing facilities and soap, and 25% do not meet the WASH standards. Although knowledge about handwashing increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, sustained behavioral change remained limited, highlighting a gap between knowledge and practice and indicating the need for targeted educational interventions. Furthermore, there is limited research comparing the effectiveness of such interventions across different school environments and urban–rural settings, which provides the rationale for this study. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of a handwashing educational intervention among primary school students and determine differences in knowledge change across four schools in urban and rural areas. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study design was used from December 2024 to June 2025. A total of 1,353 students from grades 3–5 in four general education schools (two in Ulaanbaatar and two in rural areas) were included in the study. Preand post-intervention handwashing knowledge scores were analyzed using paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA (α=0.05) with STATA 14.0. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Result: The mean handwashing knowledge score increased significantly from 9.68 (±2.64) before the intervention to 10.30 (±2.74) after the intervention, with a mean difference of +0.63 (p<0.001). The differences in improvement between schools were also statistically significant (ANOVA: F(3,1335)=5.90, p=0.0005). The highest improvement was observed in urban School A (+1.49), while the lowest was observed in School B (+0.16). Rural schools C and D showed moderate and relatively consistent improvements (+0.51 and +0.70, respectively). Conclusion School-based handwashing educational interventions effectively improve knowledge among primary school students. However, environmental factors, such as infrastructure and geographic location, significantly influence the effectiveness of the intervention. Therefore, educational interventions should be implemented alongside infrastructure improvements.

Background: Developing a standardized methodology and a reliable and valid assessment tool for assessing the professional competence of nurses in Mongolia is of great importance for nursing research and practice. Aim: To determine the psychometric properties of the Mongolian version of the Competency Inventory for Registered Nurses. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using a methodological research design. The study included 550 nurses from 11 state hospitals and collected data between June and December 2024 using the Competency Inventory for Registered Nurses Scale (CIRN) developed by Ming Liu et al. (2007). Result: The internal reliability of the questionnaire was Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (Cronbach’s α=0.98). Content validity indices (Content Validity Index CVI) were I-CVI ≥ 0.78, S-CVI/Ave=0.98, and S-CVI/UA=0.85, indicating good content validity. Varimax factor analysis revealed factor loadings ranging from 0.380 to 0.780. Conclusion 1. The Mongolian version of the Competency Inventory Registered Nurses demonstrated adequate internal reliability. 2. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed to be acceptable.

Background: Nursing theories help nurses understand the values and beliefs related to human health and support them in providing effective and compassionate care to patients. Nursing theorist Jean Watson defined the relationship between nurses, patients, and their families as an interpersonal interaction, referring to it as a “transpersonal caring relationship.” Currently, there is a lack of studies based on Jean Watson’s theory that examine how nurses’ attitudes and behaviors influence the quality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Therefore, this topic was selected for the present study. Aim: To determine how nurse–patient interaction influences patients undergoing hemodialysis based on Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed using a quantitative survey method. The study included 72 patients undergoing hemodialysis at Medvic Hospital. The Caring Nurse–Patient Interaction Scale (CNPI-70P), patient version, was used to assess attitudes and behaviors in nurse–patient interactions. This instrument was originally developed by Sylvie Cossette in 2005. Official permission to use the patient version of the questionnaire was obtained from the author on March 29, 2023. Data collection was conducted between December 2025 and January 2026. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze subscales, independent sample t-tests were applied to compare group differences, and Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to determine relationships among variables. Results: The mean age of the participants was 38.8±10.5 years, with a mean age of 39.3 years for males and 38.1 years for females. The overall evaluation of nurse–patient interaction in nursing care among patients undergoing hemodialysis was at a moderate level (3.78±0.82). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean ages of the two groups (t (70) =0.494, p=0.623). The reliability of the CNPI-70 questionnaire was very high, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.988. Among the subscales, the highest score was observed for “meeting human needs” (M=4.16, SD=0.87), indicating that nurses most frequently supported patients in fulfilling their needs. High scores were also observed for “humanism” (M=4.02, SD=0.80) and “helping relationship” (M=4.00, SD=0.86). In contrast, the lowest score was found for “sensitivity” (M=3.39, SD=1.13), followed by “spirituality” (M=3.47, SD=0.99) and “problem-solving” (M=3.56, SD=1.07), indicating comparatively lower levels in these aspects. The mean scores of the remaining factors ranged from 3.72 to 3.95. Conclusion Nurse–patient interaction among patients undergoing hemodialysis was found to be at a moderate level (3.78±0.82). However, aspects related to understanding patients’ sensitivity, providing emotional support, and meeting spiritual or psychological needs were relatively lower.

Background: Transitioning HIV care toward a client-centered model is a key strategy for improving treatment outcomes and controlling the spread of HIV infection. Evaluating service accessibility, quality, and client satisfaction is essential for improving strategic planning and strengthening health service delivery. Aim: To assess the accessibility and quality of client-centered health services among people living with HIV. Materials and methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from 50 clients and 30 health managers who participated voluntarily. The reliability of the questionnaire, measured using Cronbach’s alpha, ranged from 0.673 to 0.783. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 with both descriptive and analytical statistical methods. Quantitative variables were summarized using means and standard deviations, and statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05. Results: HIV-related services were found to be highly centralized at the NCCD, particularly for blood testing (96.8%) and inpatient care (71.4%). Overall, 84% of clients reported the need to access services outside NCCD, with the highest demand for internal medicine (32%), dental services (14%), and surgical services (14%). Among the barriers to accessing care, 75% were related to stigma and discrimination associated with HIV status, while 18% were linked to healthcare workers’ attitudes. In addition, 56.7% of healthcare facilities had not conducted HIV-related training, and only 40% had dedicated rooms ensuring confidentiality. Client satisfaction was strongly correlated with healthcare providers’ attitudes and communication (R = 0.614) and confidentiality (R = 0.578), both showing significant associations (p = 0.000). Conclusion HIV services remain highly centralized at NCCD, while the readiness of primary and referral healthcare facilities remains insufficient. Strengthening a client-centered care approach requires improving healthcare workers’ attitudes and communication, ensuring confidentiality, and implementing continuous HIV-related training for healthcare providers.

Introduction: Anemia is still being a population’s challenging issue regardless of high development of countries around the world. According to a study regarding prevalence and etiology of anemia conducted in 187 countries around the world, the anemia rate is 23 176 per 100 000 population. In accordance with the “5th National Nutrition Survey” study conducted in our country in 2017, one of every five women (21.4%), aged 15-49 years, (16.2%) of reproductive age women and (3.0%) of men are anemic. The current study was conducted due to it is still essential to study and identify the etiology of anemia, determine its prevalence, plan appropriate intervention, and organize future preventive measures, depending on the socio economic conditions, location, diet, and customs of the Mongolians. Aim: To determine the prevalence, red blood cell morphology, and severity of anemia among adults. Method: The cross sectional study was conducted during between May 2022 and Sep 2023 and adults aged above 18 years were included. Moreover, we identified anemia cases based on the laboratory test results and determined the anemia severity grade. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS software. Result: Overall, (6.7%) of participants were anemic: (9.9%) of women and (2.8%) of men. The distribution by severity was: mild anemia (66.7%), moderate anemia (30%), and severe anemia (3.3%). Among women of reproductive age, prevalence was higher, whereas in men, anemia prevalence increased with age. Regionally, the Central region showed the highest prevalence, while other regions varied. Analysis of anemia by red blood cell morphology showed that normocytic anemia accounted for (51.6%), hypochromic anemia 66%, and mean hemoglobin concentration hypochromic (53.6%). Moderate and severe anemia was more common in women than men. Conclusion Anemia was detected in (6.7%) of the total study population, (9.9%) of females, and (2.8%) of males were anemic. Of those with anemia, (66.7%) had mild anemia, (30%) had moderate anemia, and (3.3%) had severe anemia. Moderate and severe anemia were more common in females than in males.

Background: Ensuring the quality of healthcare services relies heavily on the professional competence of nurses. This study aimed to assess the internal consistency and construct validity of a competency assessment questionnaire developed for nurses working in tertiary-level hospitals in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the internal reliability and construct validity of the questionnaire used to assess nurses’ competency Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted among 390 nurses employed at tertiary hospitals in Ulaanbaatar. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Internal reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, and construct validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Results: The 55-item questionnaire demonstrated excellent internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha=0.981). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure was 0.972, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (p<0.001), indicating the data were suitable for factor analysis Conclusions 1. The internal consistency of the questionnaire showed a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.981, indicating excellent reliability. In addition, the Cronbach’s alpha values for each of the seven subscales were all above 0.90, demonstrating strong inter-item correlations and stability of the measurement indicators. The developed questionnaire is a highly reliable and valid tool for assessing the competencies of nurses in Mongolia. Its strong psychometric properties support its use in both research and professional development contexts. 2. Factor analysis was conducted using the Varimax rotation method to evaluate the construct validity of the questionnaire. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure was 0.972, and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity was significant (p<0.001), indicating that the data were suitable for factor analysis. The analysis identified seven factors, each with a loading above 0.60, confirming the high construct validity of the measurement tool.

Background: The development and evaluation of nurse competency is an important research area that directly impacts the improvement of nursing quality and the optimization of the healthcare systems. Aim: To determine the psychometric properties, specifically the reliability and content validity, of the Mongolian version of the Competency Inventory for Registered Nurses. Materials and Methods: Research approval was obtained from the research ethics committee of the MNUMS (approval no. 2024/3-06), and adhering to ethical principles. Copyright owners granted permission to the principal investigator (PI) to use and translate the CIRN. Three bilingual experts were invited to be involved in the forward–backward translation process into the Mongolian language. Instrument reliability was pilot-tested with 30 nurses, who had similar characteristics with study sample. We collected data from 550 registered nurses, randomly selected and working in 11 reference-level and national centers in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar, and five Regional Diagnostic and Treatment Centers (RDTCs) of Mongolia. Results: The most of participants were female (96.9%); ages ranged from 20 to 63 ages with an average of 36.50. The internal consistency reliability of the CIRN was very high and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were 0.97 respectively. The content validity indices (I-CVI≥0.78, S-CVI/Ave=0.98, S-CVI/UA=0.85) indicated satisfactory content validity. Factor analysis with Varimax rotation showed factor loadings ranging from 0.380 to 0.780. Conclusions 1. The Mongolian version of the Competency Inventory for Registered Nurses (CIRN) confirmed acceptable internal reliability. 2. The Mongolian version of the Competency Inventory for Registered Nurses (CIRN) was confirmed to be a valid instrument with appropriate content validity.

Background: A drug related problem is defined by the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Association as an an event or circumstance involving drug therapy that actually or potentially interferes with desired health outcomes. One critical aspect of preventing such errors is proper dose adjustment, which plays a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. For instance, adjusting the dose of warfarin based on the patient’s INR level is essential. In a 1995 study conducted in England, clinical pharmacists recommended target doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for patients with chronic heart failure. As a result, patients experienced a significant reduction in pulmonary and peripheral edema, along with improved exercise test outcomes. At the Mongolian-Japanese Hospital of the Mongolian Medical University of Science and Technology, it is important to analyze dosage-related issues identified by clinical pharmacists and inform healthcare professionals about common dosage selection errors and associated risks. Aim: We analyzed issues related to medication dosage. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to examine problem related to dosage detected through prescription monitoring at the Mongolian Japanese Hospital of the Mongolian National University of Health Sciences from 2023 to 2024. Results: Out of a total of 2340 drug-related problem identified across five inpatient wards during this period, 581 (100%) were related to dosage. Clinical pharmacists performed prescription review on approximately 67% of all inpatients, which was consistent between years. However, medication-related problems tended to decrease from 41.1% (n=1499) in 2023 to 22.3% (n=841) in 2024 (p=0.05). The majority of dose-related problems, 75.6% (n=440), were overdoses. Medication-related problems were most common in the surgical department, with 59.5% (n=346) (p=0.001). The most frequent dosage-related errors involved exceeding the daily dose of diclofenac, administering higher- than-recommended doses of ceftriaxone, failing to adjust cefotaxime for renal function, and using inappropriate doses of metronidazole in patients with impaired liver function. The leading cause of these errors was failure to adhere to guideline-recommended dosing, which accounted for 71.3% (n=415) of cases (p=0.001). When dosage-related recommendations were provided to physicians before of treatment, acceptance rates increased by 14% (p=0.001). These interventions resulted in an estimated cost saving of 1.267.219₮ and a reduction of 363 injections. Conclusion Therefore, clinical pharmacist-led prescription review can help reduce the risk of dosage errors, lower associated healthcare costs, and alleviate the burden on medical staff.