Background: In the context of Mongolia, identifying and establishing the causes and underlying factors associated with juvenile and adolescent involvement in crime carries substantial practical significance for the early detection of risk factors and the implementation of targeted preventive measures. In 2021, minors accounted for 20.7% of the total 1,053 cases subjected to forensic psychiatric evaluation at the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH). Subsequently, minors constituted 20.4% (n=251) of cases in 2022, 19.6% (n=203) in 2023, 19.4% (n=225) in 2024, and 23.6% (n=318) in 2025. Notably, the proportion observed in 2025 represents a 4.2 percentage point increase compared to the preceding year. Nevertheless, comprehensive empirical data regarding the underlying causes, surrounding conditions, and specific offense types associated with juvenile criminal involvement remain insufficient, thereby establishing the primary rationale for conducting this study. Aim: To investigate the underlying causes, contributing risk factors, and mental health status of juvenile offenders involved in criminal activities. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was utilized, enrolling a total sample of 105 male adolescents aged 15–18 years. This sample comprised 35 residents from a Specialized Training and Educational Institution (juvenile correctional facility) and 70 control students from general secondary schools. Primary data collection was conducted using the Child PTSD Symptom Scale for DSM-5 Self-Report (CPSS-5-SR), the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Kidcope / Family Life Scale (KFLS), and a specially designed structured questionnaire. Result: The overall mean age of participants was 16.69±0.87 years. Among the institutionalized juvenile offenders, 45.7% had a history of prior criminal involvement; specifically, 45.7% had committed rape and 17.1% had committed theft. Regarding substance use behaviors, 82.9% of the juvenile offenders reported smoking tobacco, 71.4% consumed alcohol, and 20.0% had experimented with other illicit or controlled substances, all of which were markedly higher than the rates observed among general secondary school students. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that adolescent tobacco use, alcohol consumption, paternal alcoholism, and domestic family conflict exerted statistically significant effects on criminal involvement. Furthermore, screen-positive cases for probable Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) were identified in 40.0% of the institutionalized juvenile offenders, compared to 27.5% among the general secondary school students. Conclusion The prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use, alongside adverse family environment influences, is significantly higher among residents of the Specialized Training and Educational Institution compared to general secondary school students. Because juvenile criminal involvement is directly associated with the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, there is an urgent imperative to integrate targeted mental health care services into rehabilitation and protection efforts.

Background: Some scholars believe that the study of ancient medical works to gain insight into their scientific concepts and correctly understand the profound techniques of doctors are very important to the development of traditional medicine in the 21st century. Cardiovascular disease, the third leading cause of morbidity in Mongolia's population, was 936 per 10,000 people in 2021, an increase of 128 over the ten-year average and 68 decreased the previous year. According to 2021 statistics, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in the population, with 5000-5500 deaths per year, or one death in every three people. In 2021, hypertension accounted for 51.6 percent of cardiovascular diseases, an increase of 7.9 percent from 2012. Goal: To analyze the mechanism of action of Marcin-13 on the wind-blood ascending disease and compare with its effect on the pathological model of hypertension induced by dexamethasone. Materials and methods: In our study, we used the book named "Oral Instruction Tantra" as main reference material and for research methods, we used the checklist method to list relevant information about the pathogenesis of wind-blood ascending disease and Dmar chen-13 traditional medicine from the literature, so as to provide preconditions for further analysis. The pathogenesis of wind-blood ascending disease and the mechanism of action of Dmar chen-13 were analyzed by theoretical analysis methods and the comparison method was used to contrast the mechanism of action of Dmar chen-13 on the wind-blood ascending disease and its effect on the pathological model of hypertension induced by dexamethasone. Results The mechanism of action of Dmar chen-13 in the treatment of wind and blood ascending disease is to transform pathological blood into physiological blood so as to adjust the disorder of wind and blood and finally achieve the purpose of treatment. We compared the mechanism of action of Dmar chen-13 on wind and blood ascending disease with its effect on the dexamethasone-induced hypertension model. Inhibiting the release of renin, angiotensin and aldosterone is equivalent to transforming pathological blood into physiological blood, opening up blood vessels, and balancing wind and blood disorders in traditional medicine.

Introduction: Kidney disease is common in our country due to the four seasons and harsh climate. This article is discussed about the kidney health, causes, pathology and kidney on the relationship of other organs in traditional medicine. Methods: The study was processed using analysis and synthesis methods. Results:
1. The root nature of the five vital organs are included in the yang character organs which hot nature qualities in five elements. However, some of the five vital organs will be under the influence of that place, as they will be located in the place of the “badgan”, in the place of the “mkhris”, and in the place of the “rlung”.
2. Kidney disease is usually caused by falling from a height, hit and injured, lifting heavy things, jogging and twisting your back uncomfortably, sit for a long time in a damp place, water events excess, eating too sweets that are heavy and cold qualities. In medical practice, kidney disease is accompanied by heart disease and liver disease. Conclusion In according to traditional medicine main theory, kidneys are a solid vital organ that generates heat and warms the lower body because of the high blood flow through its, on the other hand they are cold character which are in the place of the “rlung”. The kidneys are functionally closely related to other organs therefore, to get sick the effects of disease on other organs.

Introduction: In 2018, the overall colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence rate was 3.6%, according to the National Cancer Center of Mongolia (NCCM), and the incidence of colorectal cancer has increased slightly in recent years. According to cancer stages, late stage cancer has a 5-year survival rate of 51%, while early stage cancer has a 5-year survival rate of 79%. The overall survival rate of colorectal cancer in Mongolia has not been studied in precisely. In Asia, the 5-year survival rate for colorectal cancer was 60%. Therefore, this study investigated the colorectal cancer survival rate and prognostic factors at NCCM. Methods: A total of 108 patients diagnosed with CRC at NCCM’s General Surgery Department from 2013 to 2015 were used in this retrospective cohort study. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to develop the survival graphs, which were then compared using the Log-rank test. Results: The median survival time was 42 months, with a 95% CI (38.55-45.66). A 5-year period, the overall survival rate for CRC was 61.2%. Survival rates at the I, II, III, and IV stages were 100%, 75%, 65.4%, and 13.5%, respectively. There was a significant difference in CRC survival rates across all stages (p=0.0001). There was a statistically significant difference in determining the relationship between adjuvant chemotherapy and survival rate (p=0.0003). Conclusion The outcome of the surgery is determined by the CRC stage. The postoperative survival rate (61.2%) is directly related to tumor stage, peripheral glandular metastasis, distant metastasis, and chemotherapy effects.

Abstract Bloodletting is a medical tradition that probably began in prehistoric times. Its rationale was based on the belief that removing blood eliminated “impure blood”. From antiquity until the beginning of the 20th century, bloodletting was considered a panacea, and it was the most common and versatile form of medical treatment. Not only was it believed to cure the sick, but also to promote vigor in the healthy. Some of the antient books of traditional medicine noted that the bloodletting tools is very importance when opening a vessel in order to bleed. Traditional medical bloodletting tools are one of the oldest archeological findings, and researchers have found many types of bloodletting tools in our country dated back thousands of years. Therefore, research on bloodletting tools an important component of bloodletting therapy, is of theoretical and practical importance. The location, indications, and tools of bloodletting therapy and bloodletting vessels are described in detail in the “Subsequent Tantra” of “Four Medical Tantras”, and its commentaries: Dar mo sman rams pa blo bzang chos grags “Dka’ phreng mun sel sgron”, Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho “Be edurya sngon po” and Luvsanchoinpil “Gces btus snying nor” so on. The first Mongolian surgical work is directly related to the historical tradition of bloodletting therapy. It is now known that the stone needles, which was discovered in the 3000th millennium BCE, may have originated from the Mongolia used to use in medicine as bloodletting tools. In the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, Mongolian medical bloodletting tools were passed down through India and Tibet medical books, and later the science of surgery and bloodletting therapy became more sophisticated and comprehensive knowledge. At the same time, it is clear that there is every reason to say that it has been enriched by the medical knowledge of the neighboring countries and improved by their own experience.

In the 13th century, a wound caused by an arrowhead was healed by scorching the surface of the injury. For instance, in the early 13th century during a battle, Ugudei Khaan was shot in the neck. One of his knights, Borokhul, sucked a blood clot from the wound and carried him on his horse. When Chinggis Khaan saw them, he grieved, wept, and ordered a fire to be made. After scorching Ugudei’s wound, he gave him something to drink and waited to fight their enemies. We came across instances of curing injuries with dairy products in the Secret History of Mongolia. In one case, when he was wounded in the neck, Chinggis Khaan traveled with difficulty and camped in a battle field at sunset.
One of Chinggis’ knights, Zelme, nursed him by sucking blood until midnight. He cared for the unconscious Khaan by himself, not trusting others. When midnight passed, Chinggis Khaan woke up and said “blood has dried and I am thirsty.” Zelme took off his hat, boots and deel (dressing-gown), leaving only underwear and entered their enemy’s camp. He searched for eseg (mare’s milk) on carriages of commoners who camped behind the military camp. However, he couldn’t find any eseg because the refugees hadn’t milked their mares. Therefore, he stole a leather sack of tarag (a drink made by fermenting the milk of sheep, goat, or cow) and carried it back to his camp.
Nobody saw Zelme, God might have blessed him. Zelme gave Chinggis Khaan the tarag mixing it with water to drink. Chinggis Khaan had the drink and said he felt relieved. At that time it was dawn. One of the achievements of Traditional Mongolian Medicine of that time was curing wounds with the help of surgical means. In the beginning, the Mongolians got much knowledge of animal anatomy by dismembering joints and internal organs of different animals while slaughtering. Afterwards, based on their knowledge of animal anatomy, they set bones and cured wounds. Additionally, they broadened their knowledge by performing autopsies on dead bodies, etc. In 1263, during one of the battles between the Mongolian and South Sun nation troops, which the Sun lost, Zuukhar was hit by 3 arrows. The arrowhead in his left shoulder could not be removed. Hyavtsag opened the wound with the help of two men who were sentenced to death (these people were Sun nation) and examined if the arrow could possibly be removed. Finally, he was able to remove the arrow from Zuukhar’s body. Thence, the Mongolians of that time performed autopsies as well as surgical treatment along with medical treatment.
In the mid-13th century, Traditional Mongolian curing methods were rapidly developing. The Mongolian army had special doctors to cure injured soldiers. According to some sources, in the early 13th century, there was a position of “military doctor,” among Chinggis Khaan’s army. When generals or troops got injured, the military doctor was ordered to cure them by a fixed deadline.

History of surgical services in Mongolian medicine began at least from New Stone Ages (Neolithic Era). However, we decided to study usage of surgical instruments in Mongolian medicine from 1578 to the XIX century. Because, the third transmission of Buddhism into Mongolia occurred during the time of the Altan Khan of the Southern branch of Central Mongols, a descendent of Kublai Khan, tried to revive Mongol strength and unification. After that Undur Gegeen Zanabazar was also holding a religious service around his residence. Furthermore, in 1651 he established 7 parts of the Monastery including Financial, Lamasery, Food service, and Personal physician’s divisions based on his attendants, people, and lamas. The Personal physician’s division was one of the basis for the sect of “Four Medical Tantras”. Since that time the sect of “Four Medical Tantras,” had been spread effectively and many medical schools were established near the Buddhist temples in Mongolia. They respected “Four Medical Tantras,” and “Shun,” as the main scripts and focused to base it on their theory and practice.
During the research we identified that from the XVII century, Mongolian doctors and scientists wrote many commentary books on “Four Medical Tantras” and renewed some of the content of “Four Medical Tantras.” Especially, Agvanluvsandanbijaltsan and Jambaldorj wrote a medical and medicinal books including surgical instruments. Also Ishbaljir wrote practical book about internal medicine, surgical methods, and services.
The major conclusion to this study was that Mongolian nation established their own medical art, comprehensive knowledge, and surgical methods as well as updated surgical instruments during the XVII and XIX Century. Particularly, they could renewed surgical methods and surgical instruments, which came from Indian Ayurveda and Tibetan medicine.