ObjectiveTo explore the application of virtual reality biofeedback training combined with oral localization therapy in dysphagia after oral cancer surgery. MethodsFrom May, 2023 to July, 2024, 86 patients with dysphagia after oral cancer surgery in Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital were randomly divided into control group (n = 43) and experimental group (n = 43). The control group received conventional swallowing function training, while the experimental group added virtual reality biofeedback training combined with oral positioning therapy, for four weeks. The Standardized Swallowing Function Assessment Scale (SSA), Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) and M.D.Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) were used for evaluation before intervention, and two weeks, four weeks and eight weeks after intervention. ResultsFor scores of SSA , the main effects of group (F = 150.190, P < 0.001, η²_p = 0.641) and time (F = 230.870, P < 0.001, η²_p = 0.733), as well as the interaction effect (F = 16.910, P < 0.001, η²_p = 0.168) were all significant. For scores of FOIS, the main effects of group (F = 59.601, P < 0.001, η²_p = 0.415) and time (F = 89.464, P < 0.001, η²_p = 0.516), as well as the interaction effect (F = 7.990, P < 0.001, η²_p = 0.087) were all significant. For scores of MDADI, the main effects of group (F = 33.133, P < 0.001, η²_p = 0.283) and time (F = 49.650, P < 0.001, η²_p = 0.371), as well as the interaction effect (F = 3.224, P = 0.023, η²_p = 0.037) were all significant. ConclusionVirtual reality biofeedback training combined with oral localization therapy could improve the swallowing function, oral feeding ability and overall quality of life of patients with dysphagia after oral cancer surgery.

The Cancer Incidence in Five Continents(CI5)database are jointly maintained by the International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC)and the International Association of Cancer Registries(IACR),both affiliated to the World Health Organization.This paper provides a histori-cal overview of cancer registration efforts in China,systematically summarizes the journey and en-deavors of Chinese cancer registries as they were incorporated into IARC and CI5.Furthermore,it offers a perspective on the strategies for advancing the high-quality development of cancer registra-tion activities within the nation.

Cancer incidence in China has been rising steadily,with a particularly heavy burden from several high-prevalence malignancies.Medical examination for cancer plays a critical role in the early detection of cancer,precancerous lesions,and precursor conditions,thereby facilitating timely diagnosis and intervention.Such examination also addresses the growing demand for person-alized cancer screening services among diverse population groups.The development of evidence-based,context-specific cancer screening guidelines is essential to enhance the standardization,quality,and equity of preventive screening practices across the country,ultimately improving out-comes in early cancer detection and treatment.Guided by the Department of Medical Emergency Response of the National Health Commission,the Guidelines for Medical Examination for Cancer in Health Examination Agency(2025 Edition)were developed under the leadership of the National Cancer Center.A multidisciplinary panel of experts formulated the guidelines in accordance with the principles and methodology of the World Health Organization Handbook for Guideline Deve-lopment.The guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations on key clinical domains:target cancers and populations,overall screening workflow,screening protocols,diagnostic technolo-gies,result interpretation,follow-up procedures,and quality control.The primary objective is to standardize cancer screening practices in health examination agency and strengthen China's ca-pacity for prevention and control of high-burden cancers.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI)personality traits,empathy ability,and emotion regulation among medical students,and to advocate for medical students to conduct in-depth self-analysis using MBTI,and to enhance their empathy ability in a targeted manner,thereby more effectively building harmonious doctor-patient relationships.Methods:A total of 664 medical students were investigated using the MBTI,the Chinese version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(ERQ),and the Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index(IRI).The mediation analysis in SPSSAU employed the product coefficient test method,utilizing Bootstrap sampling for data analysis.Results:The MBTI personality traits of medical students were generally inclined to Introversion-Sensing-Thinking-Judging(ISTJ).Medical students tended to use cognitive reappraisal,and the level of empathy needed to be strengthened.Males exhibited higher expressive inhibition than females,while females experienced greater personal distress than males.Expressive inhibition was also higher in only children compared to non-only children,and only children showed lower emotional empathy than non-only children.Cognitive reappraisal played a partial mediating role in the relationship between introverted/extraverted personality traits and personal distress among medical students(mediating effect=-0.017,accounting for 14.217%of the total effect),and a complete mediating effect between introverted/extraverted personality traits and emotional empathy(mediating effect=0.024,accounting for 100%of the total effect).Cognitive reappraisal partially mediated the relationship between life attitude orientation and emotional empathy(mediating effect=0.017,accounting for 15.727%of the total effect),and served as a partial mediator in the relationship between life attitude orientation and cognitive empathy(mediating effect=0.171,accounting for 25.827%of the total effect).Conclusion:Cognitive reappraisal has a mediating effect on the relationship between medical students'MBTI personality traits and empathy,guiding medical students to improve empathy abilities using cognitive reappraisal.Medical students can further understand their strengths and weaknesses by identifying their MBTI types,and improve their empathy ability in a targeted manner,to better adapt to future medical work.

Objective To explore the effects and mechanisms of Changpu Yujin Tang(CPYJT)on the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1/Gasdermin D(NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD)signaling pathway-mediated neuroinflammation in rats with Tourette syndrome(TS).Methods SPF-grade male SD rats were randomly divided into the Control and TS groups.After successful modeling in the TS group,the rats were randomly divided into the Model,Tiapride,and CPYJT groups,and were treated with the corresponding drugs for 4 weeks.After the treatment,the rats' behavior was scored,H & E staining was used to observe pathological changes in the striatum,ELISA was used to measure the content of IL-1β and IL-18,RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of NLRP3 and ASC mRNA,and Western blot was used to detect the expression of NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,Cleaved-Caspase-1,GSDMD,and GSDMD-NT proteins.Results Compared with the Control group,the Model group showed increased scores of stereotyped and motor behaviors(P＜0.01),pathological changes in the striatal tissue,increased content of IL-1β and IL-18(P＜0.01),and upregulated expression of NLRP3,ASC mRNA,and NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,Cleaved-Caspase-1,GSDMD,and GSDMD-NT proteins(P＜0.01).Compared with the Model group,the Tiapride group and the CPYJT group showed decreased scores of stereotyped and motor behaviors(P＜0.01),improved pathological damage in the striatal tissue,reduced content of IL-1β and IL-18(P＜0.01),and inhibited expression of NLRP3,ASC mRNA,and NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,Cleaved-Caspase-1,GSDMD,and GSDMD-NT proteins(P＜0.01).Conclusion The therapeutic effect of CPYJT on TS is related to the inhibition of the neuroinflammatory response mediated by the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway.

With the advent of the era of antiretroviral therapy,the lifespan of individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infection has been extended significantly,and there is a significant increase in the incidence rate of non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)-related diseases,among which liver disease is one of the main causes of non-AIDS-related deaths.There is still a relatively high incidence rate of liver injury in patients with HIV infection,and there are various causes of liver injury.This article reviews the possible risk factors for liver injury and related mechanisms from the aspects of HIV infection,co-infection with hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus and other pathogens,drugs,metabolic dysfunction,and intestinal bacterial translocation,in order to provide a reference for the management of individuals with HIV infection.

Objective:To evaluate the potential causal relationship between tinnitus and the risk of Alzheimer's disease(AD)onset using the two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR)method and to clarify its mechanism of action,so as to provide new ideas for early warning of AD.Methods:Genome-wide association study(GWAS)database was used to search the keywords"tinnitus"and"Alzheimer"to obtain the related datasets of exposure factor tinnitus and outcome AD;the tinnitus datasets included ukb-d-4803_11,ukb-d-4803_12,ukb-d-4803_13,ukb-b-14254 and ukb-a-384;the AD datasets included ieu-b-5067,ieu-b-2,ieu-a-297,ebi-a-GCST90027158 and ebi-a-GCST002245.The single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)closely and independently associated with tinnitus were screened as instrumental variables(IVs),and the SNPs associated with AD were used as outcomes.Inverse variance weighted(IVW)method was used to conduct MR analysis to evaluate its odds ratio(OR)value,95%confidence interval(CI)and P value;P<0.05 indicated significant causal relationship.Sensitivity detection used Cochran's Q test to detect the heterogeneity of IVs to evaluate its Q value,df value and P value;when IVW method P>0.05,it indicated no significant heterogeneity;MR-Egger intercept was used to detect horizontal pleiotropy;when the intercept was 0 or close to 0 and P>0.05,it indicated no significant horizontal pleiotropy;meanwhile,leave-one-out method was used for sensitivity analysis.Finally,visualization results were performed using forest plot,scatter plot,funnel plot and leave-one-out plot.Results:A total of 286 SNPs were screened as IVs.All instrumental variables satisfied F>10,suggesting no weak instrumental variable;after screening by PhenoScanner web tool,all SNPs were unrelated to confounding factors.When the tinnitus and AD datasets were ukb-d-4803 and ebi-a-GCST90027158 respectively,there was a significant positive correlation between tinnitus and the risk of AD onset(IVW:OR=1.842,95%CI:1.065-3.188,P=0.029);Cochran's Q test suggested no significant heterogeneity of IVs(Q=9.788,df=10.000,P=0.459);MR-Egger intercept indicated no horizontal pleiotropy(Egger intercept=-0.006,P=0.147);leave-one-out method showed stable results,and no SNP with significant influence on the results was detected.Conclusion:There is a positive causal relationship between tinnitus and the risk of AD onset.Neuroinflammation accompanied by persistent microglial activation to varying degrees may be the common pathogenesis of tinnitus and AD;in addition,depression may also act as an upstream factor to hyperactivate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis,leading to the progression of relationship between tinnitus and AD.

Objective To explore the relationship between pathogenic microorganism types,age and season in 2 188 children with respiratory tract infections.Methods A total of 2 188 children with respiratory tract in-fections admitted to the Department of Pediatrics,962 Hospital,Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA from June 2023 to May 2024 were selected as the study subjects.Targeted next generation sequencing(tNGS)tech-nology was used to detect 107 common pathogenic microorganism in children with respiratory tract infections,including Haemophilus influenzae,rhinovirus,Moraxella catarrhalis,Mycoplasma pneumoniae,Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus pneumoniae,human parainfluenza virus,human respiratory syncytial virus,etc.The re-spiratory tract infection situation and epidemiological characteristics of children in Harbin were analyzed.Re-sults Among 2 188 pediatric patients,98.5%(2 156/2 188)tested positive for pathogenic microorganism,with Haemophilus influenzae accounting for the highest proportion of 33.5%(732/2 188),followed by rhino-virus of 25.0%(547/2 188)and Moraxella catarrhalis of 24.8%(543/2 188).The positive rates of Hae-mophilus influenzae and human adenovirus in male children were higher than those in female children(P<0.05),while there were no statistically significant differences in the positive positive rates of other pathogenic microorganism between male and female children(P>0.05).Except for human adenovirus and influenza A virus,which showed no statistically significant differences in positive rates among different age groups(P>0.05),there were statistically significant differences in the positive rates of other pathogenic microorganism a-mong different age groups(P<0.05).The positive rates of pathogenic microorganism in preschool children were relatively high.There were no statistically significant differences in the positive rates of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus in different seasons(P>0.05),while there were statistically significant differences in the positive rates of other pathogenic microorganism in different seasons(P<0.05).The positive rates of Haemophilus influenzae,Streptococcus pneumoniae,human metapneumovirus,human parainfluenza virus and SARS-Cov-2 were the highest in summer(P<0.05).Conclusion 2 188 children with respiratory tract infec-tions were mainly caused by pathogenic microorganism such as Haemophilus influenzae,rhinovirus,and Moraxella catarrhalis,etc.Preschool children is a susceptible group,and the prevalence of pathogenic microor-ganism varies seasonally.In clinical practice,relevant prevention and control measures should be developed based on this characteristic to reduce the incidence of diseases.

Objective To establish a 13C isotope-labeled hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp model for the assessment of insulin sensitivity in mice.Methods The mouse model of insulin resistance was established by high-fat diet feeding.The phosphorylation level of downstream insulin signaling protein,Protein Kinase,also known as Akt was assessed.Glucose metabolism was evaluated using glucose tolerance test,insulin tolerance test,and pyruvate tol-erance tests and the area under the curve of the respective testes over 2 hours was calculated to quantify overall blood glucose level.Mice underwent jugular vein catheterization surgery,and a 13C isotope-labeled hyperinsulinemic-eugly-cemic clamp experiment was conducted to monitor blood glucose levels and to calculate the glucose infusion rate(GIR).Tail vein serum was collected for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)analysis to determine glucose disposal rate(GDR)and hepatic gluconeogenesis rate(HGP).Following the inhibition of glycog-enolysis in mice,Akt phosphorylation level was measured to evaluate insulin signaling.The clamp test was repeated to calculate GIR,and tail vein blood serum was analyzed by LC-MS/MS to determine GDR and HGP.Results After one week of high-fat diet feeding,mice exhibited significantly elevated blood glucose level(P＜0.001)accompanied by reduced p-Akt level in liver and muscle.Glucose tolerance tests,insulin tolerance tests and pyruvate tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase in blood glucose level(P＜0.05)and a higher area under curves(AUC)(P＜0.001)in high-fat-fed mice.During the 13C-labeled hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp experiment,after the blood glucose levels were stable,the GIR of high-fat-fed mice was significantly reduced(P＜0.001),GDR was de-creased(P＜0.0001)and hepatic gluconeogenesis rate was increased(P＜0.01).After pharmacological inhibition of glycogenolysis,mice showed elevated blood glucose level(P＜0.001)and further reductions in p-Akt level in liver and muscle.The 13C-labeled clamp experiment revealed that in the treated group,the GIR decreased(P＜0.01)while GDR was reduced(P＜0.000 1)and HGP increased(P＜0.01).Conclusions An improved hyperinsulinemic-eugly-cemic clamp model was developed to assess insulin sensitivity in mice.

BACKGROUND:Extracellular vesicles have received extensive attention in the field of bone defect regeneration and repair in recent years.However,natural extracellular vesicles have deficiencies in sustained controlled release,tissue targeting,and drug loading capacity.Therefore,the introduction of engineering strategies to modify extracellular vesicles to enhance their therapeutic efficacy has become a research hotspot.OBJECTIVE:To review the role and application progress of engineered extracellular vesicles in the regeneration and repair of bone defects.METHODS:PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,and WanFang databases were searched for relevant articles published in the past fifteen years.The search terms were"engineering,extracellular vesicles,exosomes,bone defect,bone regeneration,bone repair"in Chinese and English.After removal of poorly related,outdated,and duplicate studies by screening,93 articles were finally included for review according to inclusion criteria.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Extracellular vesicles are primarily isolated based on their density,size,immunoaffinity,and surface charge.After isolation,extracellular vesicles are characterized using imaging techniques,size-and counting-based techniques,and flow cytometry.(2)Extracellular vesicles stimulate bone regeneration by regulating immunity,angiogenesis,and proliferation and differentiation of target cells.(3)The engineering strategies of extracellular vesicles include surface modification and cargo loading.(4)The introduction of bone morphogenetic protein 2,mutant hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,vascular endothelial growth factor,miRNA and other bioactive factors into extracellular vesicles through engineering strategies can enhance their regenerative repair ability for bone defects.