AIM:To explore the effect and mechanism of hydrogen sulfide(H2S)on autophagy and angiogene-sis in skin wound of diabetic rats.METHODS:Among 36 healthy 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats,12 rats were se-lected as control group,and the remaining rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin(STZ)to induce diabetic model and were randomly divided into diabetes mellitus(DM)group and NaHS(H2S donor)intervention(DM+NaHS)group,with 12 rats in each group.A skin trauma model was established by excising the skin of the back of rats in each group.The rats in DM+NaHS group were intraperitoneally injected with NaHS(56 μmol/kg),and the rats in control and DM groups were daily received the same volume of normal saline for 21 consecutive days.The healing of skin wound was measured on days 0,7,14 and 21 after operation.On the 21st day after surgery,the content of H2S in skin tissues was de-tected by C-7Az fluorescent probe,and the morphological changes and angiogenesis of wound tissues were observed by HE staining.The expression of CD31 was detected by immunofluorescence staining,and endothelial autophagy was detected by double staining of CD31 and beclin-1.The protein levels of cystathionine γ-lyase(CSE),CD31,microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3),beclin-1,P62,Bcl-2,Bax,phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K),protein kinase B(PKB/Akt)and mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)in wound tissues were determined by Western blot.Caspase-3 and propidium iodide(PI)staining was used to detect cell apoptosis,and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells was deter-mined with CD31 and TUNEL double immunofluorescence staining.RESULTS:Compared with DM group,the wound healing rate,H2S content and CSE protein expression were significantly increased in DM+NaHS group(P＜0.01),but still lower than those in control group(P＜0.01).HE staining showed that the wound surface in DM group was thin and wide,with few capillary,while that in DM+NaHS group was thicker with lots of capillary and wound width was reduced.Com-pared with DM group,CD31 expression was markedly increased(P＜0.01),the fluorescence intensity of caspase-3 and PI was significantly decreased(P＜0.01),and CD31+/beclin-1+ as well as CD31+/TUNEL+ cells were decreased(P＜0.01)in DM+NaHS group.Western blot analysis showed that compared with DM group,the levels of beclin-1,Bax and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ were significantly decreased(P＜0.01),while the levels of P62 and Bcl-2,as well as ratios of p-PI3K/PI3K,p-Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR were significantly increased(P＜0.01)in DM+NaHS group.CONCLUSION:H2S can promote skin wound healing,which may be related to activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway,inhibition of endothelial au-tophagy and apoptosis,and promotion of angiogenesis in diabetic rats.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder with multiple causes, different subtypes and various developmental tracks. Existing studies have shown that ASD may be related to genetic and environmental factors. Studies on the relationship between intestinal microbiota, its metabolites, and ASD have not yet formed a system. Intestinal microbiota and its metabolites may be a potential factor affecting the pathogenesis of ASD. P-cresol is a toxic small molecular metabolite, which can be produced through the degradation of tyrosine by intestinal flora in human body. The harmful effects of excessive p-cresol on specific areas of the central nervous system in susceptible children may be related to the etiology of ASD. Elevated levels of p-cresol in the human body may reshape intestinal flora, affect the function of dopamine neurons, and induce ASD-related behaviors. This study summarized the updated research about the potential role of p-cresol in the pathogenesis of ASD.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder with multiple causes, different subtypes and various developmental tracks. Existing studies have shown that ASD may be related to genetic and environmental factors. Studies on the relationship between intestinal microbiota, its metabolites, and ASD have not yet formed a system. Intestinal microbiota and its metabolites may be a potential factor affecting the pathogenesis of ASD. P-cresol is a toxic small molecular metabolite, which can be produced through the degradation of tyrosine by intestinal flora in human body. The harmful effects of excessive p-cresol on specific areas of the central nervous system in susceptible children may be related to the etiology of ASD. Elevated levels of p-cresol in the human body may reshape intestinal flora, affect the function of dopamine neurons, and induce ASD-related behaviors. This study summarized the updated research about the potential role of p-cresol in the pathogenesis of ASD.

It has been demonstrated that astrocyte elevated gene 1 ( AEG-1 ) can promote tumor initia-tion and progression .Over expression of AEG -1 is correlated with tumor angiogenesis ,metastasis and chemother-apy resistance of tumor cells of different origins .The present article is a review on the mechanism of AEG -1 me-diated drug resistance .Studies have shown that AEG -1 participates in carcinogenesis through Ha -ras,myc,NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways .AEG-1 can also promote autophagy through activating AMP Kinase . Other researchers demonstrate that AEG -1 promotes MDR1 protein translation by up-regulating MDR1 mRNA expression ,and thus increases polyribosome .It is testified that AEG-1 can influence drug susceptibility and ex-pression of MDR gene as a RNA binding protein .Multiple functions of AEG -1 in drug resistance in multiple cancers demonstrate that AEG -1 can be used as a novel target for antitumor drugs .

A microsatellite-enriched library of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)was constructed according to the strong affinity between biotin and streptavidin.Firstly,genomic DNA was fragmented by ultrasonication,which is a major improvement over traditional methods.Linker-ligated DNA fragments were hybridized with biotinylated microsatellite probes,and then were subjected to streptavidin-coated magnetic beads.PCR amplification was performed to obtain double-stranded DNA fragments containing microsatellites.Ligation and transformation were carried out by using the pGEM-T Vector System Ⅰ and Escherichia coli DH10B competent cells.Sequencing results showed that 80.2% of clones contained microsatellite repeat motif.Several modifications make this protocol time-efficient and technically easier than the traditional ones; particularly,composition and relative abundance of microsatellite repeats in plateau pika genome were truly represented through the optimized PCR conditions.This method has also been successfully applied to construct microsatellite-enriched genomic libraries of Chinese hamster(Cricetulus griseus)and small abalone[Haliotis diversicolor(Reeve)]with high rates of positive clones,demonstrating its feasibility and stability.