Cemental tear is a rare and indetectable condition unless obvious clinical signs present with the involvement of surrounding periodontal and periapical tissues. Due to its clinical manifestations similar to common dental issues, such as vertical root fracture, primary endodontic diseases, and periodontal diseases, as well as the low awareness of cemental tear for clinicians, misdiagnosis often occurs. The critical principle for cemental tear treatment is to remove torn fragments, and overlooking fragments leads to futile therapy, which could deteriorate the conditions of the affected teeth. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and subsequent appropriate interventions are vital for managing cemental tear. Novel diagnostic tools, including cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), microscopes, and enamel matrix derivatives, have improved early detection and management, enhancing tooth retention. The implementation of standardized diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols, combined with improved clinical awareness among dental professionals, serves to mitigate risks of diagnostic errors and suboptimal therapeutic interventions. This expert consensus reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, potential predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cemental tear, aiming to provide a clinical guideline and facilitate clinicians to have a better understanding of cemental tear.
Humans ; Dental Cementum/injuries* ; Consensus ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Tooth Fractures/therapy*

Hepatocellular carcinoma (referred to as liver cancer) tumor microenvironment (TMEs) is a dynamic network system composed of stromal cells, such as liver cancer cells, immune cells, vascular endothelial cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and various cytokines that play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of liver cancer. In recent years, there has been an increasing attention on the role of exosomes in the remodeling and the regulation of invasion and metastasis in liver cancer TMEs. Exosomes, as a natural carrier, mediate intercellular communication between liver cancer cells and with other stromal cells, playing an important role in the formation of immunosuppressive TMEs, angiogenesis and hypoxia tolerance, and the coordination of heterogeneity among liver cancer cells. This review summarizes the composition of liver cancer TMEs, the biological functions of exosomes, and the role and mechanism of exosome-mediated liver cancer TMEs between liver cancer cells and other stromal cells, with a focus on exosome involvement in the remodeling and regulating invasion and metastasis in liver cancer TMEs. Simultaneously, it also introduces and explores the application of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer, with the hope that in-depth research and elucidation of the mechanisms of exosome involvement in the remodeling and regulation of invasion and metastasis in liver cancer TMEs will provide feasible research ideas for novel biological markers and drug delivery carriers.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (referred to as liver cancer) tumor microenvironment (TMEs) is a dynamic network system composed of stromal cells, such as liver cancer cells, immune cells, vascular endothelial cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and various cytokines that play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of liver cancer. In recent years, there has been an increasing attention on the role of exosomes in the remodeling and the regulation of invasion and metastasis in liver cancer TMEs. Exosomes, as a natural carrier, mediate intercellular communication between liver cancer cells and with other stromal cells, playing an important role in the formation of immunosuppressive TMEs, angiogenesis and hypoxia tolerance, and the coordination of heterogeneity among liver cancer cells. This review summarizes the composition of liver cancer TMEs, the biological functions of exosomes, and the role and mechanism of exosome-mediated liver cancer TMEs between liver cancer cells and other stromal cells, with a focus on exosome involvement in the remodeling and regulating invasion and metastasis in liver cancer TMEs. Simultaneously, it also introduces and explores the application of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer, with the hope that in-depth research and elucidation of the mechanisms of exosome involvement in the remodeling and regulation of invasion and metastasis in liver cancer TMEs will provide feasible research ideas for novel biological markers and drug delivery carriers.

Brain ; pathology ; China ; Humans ; Organ Preservation ; standards ; Tissue Banks ; ethics ; standards