Objective To systematically summarize medication patterns and explore the potential mechanisms of core herbal combinations in treating chronic glomerulonephritis(CGN)based on data mining and network pharmacology,and to provide a reference for clinical treatment strategies.Methods Electronic book databases were searched to screen the CGN prescription from the works of contemporary Xin'an medical practitioners.Frequency statistics,association rule analysis,and clustering algorithms via the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)Inheritance Support Platform V3.5 were applied to identify high-frequency herbs(frequency of use>10%)and core combinations.Active ingredients and potential targets were predicted using TCMSP,PubChem,and SwissTargetPrediction databases.Disease-related targets were retrieved from OMIM and GeneCards,after obtaining the intersecting targets,followed by protein-protein interaction(PPI)network construction(STRING platform),Cytoscape topological analysis,and GO and KEGG pathway enrichment(DAVID).Results A total of 151 prescriptions related to the treatment of CGN were included,involving 213 flavours of TCM,including 42 varites of high frequency drugs,mainly in the categories of supplementing deficiency,eliminating dampness and diuresis and clearing heat.Theherb properties were mainly cold,warm,and neutral,with flavors of sweet,bitter,and pungent.Herbs primarily targeted the liver,lung,kidney,and spleen meridians.Thecore combination"Astragali Radix,Dioscorea Rhizome,Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma,Imperata Rhizome,Pyrrosiae Folium,Poria"was identified,with key active ingredients including quercetin,stigmasterol,and β-sitosterol.Core targets involved IL6,EGFR,TNF,AKT1,and PIK3CA,while enriched pathways included PI3K-Akt and AGE-RAGE signaling.Conclusion Contemporary Xin'an practitioners primarily treat CGN by tonifying the spleen,nourishing the kidney,and clearing damp-heat.Thecore herbal combination exerts synergistic effects through multi-target intervention in immune-inflammatory pathways,oxidative stress,and fibrotic pathways,highlighting the holistic therapeutic advantages of TCM formulas via multi-component synergistic regulation and multi-target interactions.This study provides a theoretical foundation for further experimental validation and clinical applications.

Objective To systematically summarize medication patterns and explore the potential mechanisms of core herbal combinations in treating chronic glomerulonephritis(CGN)based on data mining and network pharmacology,and to provide a reference for clinical treatment strategies.Methods Electronic book databases were searched to screen the CGN prescription from the works of contemporary Xin'an medical practitioners.Frequency statistics,association rule analysis,and clustering algorithms via the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)Inheritance Support Platform V3.5 were applied to identify high-frequency herbs(frequency of use>10%)and core combinations.Active ingredients and potential targets were predicted using TCMSP,PubChem,and SwissTargetPrediction databases.Disease-related targets were retrieved from OMIM and GeneCards,after obtaining the intersecting targets,followed by protein-protein interaction(PPI)network construction(STRING platform),Cytoscape topological analysis,and GO and KEGG pathway enrichment(DAVID).Results A total of 151 prescriptions related to the treatment of CGN were included,involving 213 flavours of TCM,including 42 varites of high frequency drugs,mainly in the categories of supplementing deficiency,eliminating dampness and diuresis and clearing heat.Theherb properties were mainly cold,warm,and neutral,with flavors of sweet,bitter,and pungent.Herbs primarily targeted the liver,lung,kidney,and spleen meridians.Thecore combination"Astragali Radix,Dioscorea Rhizome,Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma,Imperata Rhizome,Pyrrosiae Folium,Poria"was identified,with key active ingredients including quercetin,stigmasterol,and β-sitosterol.Core targets involved IL6,EGFR,TNF,AKT1,and PIK3CA,while enriched pathways included PI3K-Akt and AGE-RAGE signaling.Conclusion Contemporary Xin'an practitioners primarily treat CGN by tonifying the spleen,nourishing the kidney,and clearing damp-heat.Thecore herbal combination exerts synergistic effects through multi-target intervention in immune-inflammatory pathways,oxidative stress,and fibrotic pathways,highlighting the holistic therapeutic advantages of TCM formulas via multi-component synergistic regulation and multi-target interactions.This study provides a theoretical foundation for further experimental validation and clinical applications.

AIM:To explore the mechanism by which Qingshen granules(QSG)intervene in the microRNA-4516(miR-4516)targeted regulation of the SIAH3/PINK1 axis,enhancing mitophagy and inhibiting renal fibrosis.METHODS:Male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups:control,model,and QSG groups.The QSG aqueous solution was administered via gavage once daily,4 mL each time,for 8 consecutive weeks.Blood creatinine levels were measured in each group.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)and Masson staining were utilized to assess the degree of renal patholog-ical damage.Western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression levels of β-actin,PINK1,Parkin,SIAH3,VDAC1,Mfn1,Mfn2,OPA1,LC3B,and P62 proteins in renal tissue.RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expres-sion level of SIAH3 in rat kidney tissue,and transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe mitochondrial dam-age in renal tissue.QSG-containing serum and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)were used to induce an HK-2 cell fibrosis model.The cells were divided into the following groups:normal cell(NC)group,model cell(MC)group,MC+miR-4516 mimics group,MC+miR-4516 NC+QSG group,MC+miR-4516 mimics+QSG group,and MC+QSG group.Cell activity in each group was detected using the CCK-8 method,and Western blot analysis was performed to determine E-cad-herin and α-SMA protein expression levels.The regulation of SIAH3 by miR-4516 was verified using a dual luciferase re-porter assay.RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of miR-4516,SIAH3 mRNA,and PINK1.RESULTS:The results indicated that QSG intervention reduced fibrosis in rat renal tissue and HK-2 cells,decreased SIAH3 mRNA expression,increased PINK1 expression,and activated mitophagy in renal tissue.In vitro results confirmed that QSG can elevate miR-4516 expression,inhibit SIAH3 mRNA expression,promote PINK1 expression in HK-2 cells,and reduce the expression of the fibrosis marker protein α-SMA.CONCLUSION:In summary,this study preliminarily clarified the mechanism by which QSG intervention targets miR-4516 to regulate the SIAH3/PINK1 axis,thereby enhancing mitophagy and inhibiting renal fibrosis.

To adapt to the general educational requirements for military academies to prepare for victory under the new situation, the present paper proposed the overall thought of strengthening the post education for military hygiene through analyzing the main problems and causes existing in the current education, combined with the experience and practice of foreign military post education. Moreover, we combined the current situation and reality of post education in military medical universities, and analyzed the corresponding countermeasures from the aspects of teaching staff, course construction, information construction, teaching method and assessment model, expecting to provide guidance and help for better carrying out the post education of military hygiene in the future.

Objective:To investigate the protective effect of ergosterol on neurons in CA1 area of the hippocampus and its mechanism in rats anesthetized with propofol.Methods:Forty-five SD rats were randomly divided into control group, propofol group and propofol+ergosterol group ( n=15). Rats in the control group were injected intraperitoneally with 100 mg/kg fat emulsion solvent; rats in the propofol group were injected intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg propofol first, and after the righting reflex was restored, they were injected with 50 mg/kg propofol; propofol+ergosterol group was intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg ergosterol, followed by propofol injection, and the propofol injection method was the same as that of the propofol group. Injection was given continuously for 7 d. After the last injection, the rats in each group were awake for 2 h. The ultrastructure of neurons in hippocampal CA1 area was observed by transmission electron microscopy. HE staining, TUNEL and neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) staining, and Western blotting were used to detect the morphology, apoptosis, and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) expression of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area, respectively. Western blotting was used to determine the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway proteins in hippocampal CA1 area of rats. Results:Transmission electron microscopy and HE staining showed that the damage of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area of the propofol+ergosterol group was slighter than that of the propofol group. As compared with control group, propofol group had significantly higher neuronal apoptosis, significantly higher levels of activated Caspase 3 and Bax protein expressions, significantly decreased Bcl-2 and PSD95 expressions, significantly increased apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and Cytochrome (Cyt)-C protein expressions, statistically lower Sirt1 protein expression, and significantly lower phosphorylated (p)-PI3K/PI3K level and p-Akt/Akt ratio in the hippocampal CA1 area ( P<0.05). As compared with propofol group, propofol+ergosterol group had significantly lower neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampal CA1 area (27.33±1.37% vs. 17.47±0.87%, P<0.05). As compared with propofol group, propofol+ergosterol group had significantly lower activated Caspase 3 and Bax protein expressions, significantly increased Bcl-2 and PSD95 expressions, significantly decreased AIF and Cyt-C protein expressions, statistically higher Sirt1 protein expression, and significantly higher p-PI3K/PI3K level and p-Akt/Akt ratio in the hippocampal CA1 area ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Ergosterol pretreatment can inhibit propofol-induced neuron apoptosis and alleviate the neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 area, whose mechanism may be mediated by PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of Qingshen Granules on renal anemia in patients with damp-heat syndrome and explore the mechanisms in light of inflammation/hepcidin axis and iron metabolism. METHODS: Sixty patients with renal anemia and dampness-heat syndrome were randomized into control group (=30) and treatment group (=30). All the patients were given routine treatment, and the patients in the treatment group received additional treatment with Qingshen Granules (3 times a day). After 12 weeks of treatments, the patients were examined for changes in the integral value of TCM syndrome, serum creatinine (Scr), glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), red blood cell (RBC) count, interleukin-6 (IL-6), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), ferritin, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), serum iron (SI), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation (TAST), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and ferritin levels. RESULTS: After the treatment, the scores of TCM syndrome were significantly improved in the treatment group and were better than those in the control group (=0.000). Scr and eGFR were improved in both groups after the treatment. The levels of HGB, HCT and RBC were all improved in the two groups after treatment, and the improvements were more obvious in the treatment group (=0.002, 0.002, and 0.017, respectively). The levels of IL-6, hs-CRP, hepcidine and GDF-15 were all lowered in the two groups after the treatment, and they were all significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group (all =0.000). The treatments increased the levels of SI and TAST in both of the groups, and compared with those in control group, the levels of TIBC, sTfR and ferritin were significantly lowered in the treatment group after the 12-week treatment (=0.000). CONCLUSIONS Qingshen granules can effectively improve renal anemia in patients with damp-heat syndrome possibly by improving iron metabolism through alleviation of inflammation and reduction of hepcidine level.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Ronghuang granule on serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFRs) and Klotho protein levels in non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) and kidney deficiency and damp heat syndrome. METHODS: Seventy non-dialysis CKD-MBD patients with kidney deficiency and dampness-heat syndrome were randomized into control group (=35) and treatment group (=35). All the patients were given routine treatment combined with traditional Chinese medicine retention enema, and the patients in the treatment group received additional Ronghuang granule treatment (3 times a day). After the 12-week treatments, the patients were examined for changes of TCM syndromes. Serum levels of Ca, P, parathyroid hormone (iPTH), FGF23, FGFRs and Klotho proteins were detected before and after treatment. These parameters were also examined in 20 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients completed the study, including 33 in the control group and 32 in the treatment group. The patients in the treatment group showed significantly better treatment responses than those in the control group ( < 0.05 or 0.01). At 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment, the patients in the treatment group had significantly lowered scores of TCM syndromes compared with the score before treatment ( < 0.05 or 0.01), while in the control group, significant reduction of the scores occurred only at 12 weeks ( < 0.05); at each of the time points, the treatment group had significantly greater reductions in the score than the control group ( < 0.01). Significant improvements in serum Ca, P and iPTH levels were observed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks in the treatment group ( < 0.05) but only at 12 weeks in the control group ( < 0.05). The patients in the control and treatment groups all showed elevated serum levels of FGF23, FGFRs and Klotho protein compared with the normal subjects ( < 0.01); FGF23, FGFRs and Klotho levels were significantly reduced in the treatment group ( < 0.05) but remained unchanged in the control group (>0.05), showing significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Ronghuang granule improves the clinical symptoms of non-dialysis CKD-MBD patients with kidney deficiency and dampness heat syndrome by reducing serum levels of FGF23, FGFRs and Klotho, improving calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorder, and inhibiting secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Calcium ; blood ; Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder ; blood ; therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Enema ; Fibroblast Growth Factors ; blood ; Glucuronidase ; blood ; Humans ; Parathyroid Hormone ; blood ; Phosphorus ; blood ; Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor ; blood ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; blood ; therapy ; Sweating Sickness ; blood ; therapy ; Syndrome

Objective To observe the improvement effects of Qingshen Granule on the life quality of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with damp-heat syndrome. Methods The CKD patients with damp-heat syndrome were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. The control group was treated with Western medicine, and the treatment group was treated with Qingshen Granules additionally for 12 weeks. SCr and eGFR were observed before and after treatment, and the life quality was investigated by KDQOL-SFTM1.3. Results Actually 156 cases were completed, including 77 cases in the treatment group and 79 cases in the control group. The total rate of curative effect was 81.82% (63/77) in teatment group, and (63.29%, 50/79) in control group, with significent difference (P<0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that gender, education level, TCM syndrome score, CKD stage, eGFR and Hb level could affect the life quality. The scores of KDQOL-SFTM and its containing the MOS item short from health survey (SF-36) and kidney disease targeted areas (KDTA) were significantly improved after treatment in experimental group (P<0.05), while the scores in control group were with no significant improvement. The improving effects of PCS, and SPL, SLEEP, PS in KDTA in treatment group were significantly superior to those in control group (P<0.05). The scores of life quality in effective and stable cases increased significantly after treatment compared with before treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion Qingshen Granules can effectively improve the life quality of CKD patients with damp-heat syndrome, and the effect is not dependent on the improvement of laboratory indexes (renal function).

Objective To investigate the effect of intrathecal injection of morphine on patients with severe rectum cancer pain.Methods According to random number table method,28 patients with severe rectum cancer pain,admitted to our hospital from April 2014 to April 2015,were divided into two groups:intrathecal injection of morphine group (group Ⅰ) and epidural injection of morphine group (group E,n=14).Patients in group Ⅰ were treated with intrathecal injection of morphine,and group E with epidural injection of morphine;initial dose of group Ⅰ was 1/300 of daily average dosage,and group E 1/30 of daily average dosage;the additional dose of two groups was 1/10 of initial dose,with a locked time of 30 min.Resting and moving visual analogue scale (VAS) scores,life scores of quality of life questionnaire (QLQ)-C30,and daily dose of morphine were observed on the day before analgesia (T0),first week after analgesia (T1),second week after analgesia (T2),and first month after analgesia (T3).Nausea and vomiting,skin itching,retention of urine,and headache were recorded at the four points.Results As compared with those at T0,the resting and moving VAS scores and daily dose of morphine were significantly lower,life scores of QLQ-C30 at the T1,T2 and T3 were significantly higher in both two groups (P＜0.05).As compared with those in group Ⅰ,the resting and moving VAS scores and daily dose of morphine in group E were significantly higher,life scores of QLQ-C30 in group E were significantly lower at the T1,T2 and T3 (P＜0.05).The incidence of complications in group Ⅰ (21.4％)was significantly lower than that in group E (71.4％).Conclusion The effect of analgesia with intrathecal injection of morphine is better than that of analgesia of epidural injection of morphine in the treatment of severe rectum cancer pain.

Objective To observe the effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Qingshen granule on signal transduction pathway of fokal adhesion kinase-rat sarcoma-mitogen activated protein kinase (FAK-Ras-MAPK) in renal tissue of rats with renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). Methods Forty Spargue-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal control, model, Bailing capsule and Qingshen granule groups (each, n = 10). The rat model with RIF was reproduced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or ligation method. The rats in Bailing capsule group were treated with Bailing capsule dissolved in 4 mL warm water, and the dosage was 0.3 g·kg-1·d-1 for intragastric administration;the rats in Qingshen granule group were treated with Qingshen granule dissolved in 4 mL warm water, its dosage was 6 g·kg-1·d-1 for intragastric administration, and equal volume of normal saline was given to normal control group and model group by gavage. After treatment for 8 weeks, the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), fibronectin (FN),α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were determined in each groups. The renal tissue expression levels of FAK, Ras, p38MAPK, FN, α-SMA were determined in various groups by immunohistochemistry staining method. Results Compared with the normal control group, the levels of serum BUN, SCr, FN and α-SMA were significantly increased in the model group. There were no significant differences in the levels of serum BUN and SCr before administration of drugs between Bailing capsule group and Qingshen granule group (both P>0.05). The levels of BUN, SCr, FN, andα-SMA were all significantly lowered in the two treatment groups than those of the model group after administration, the descent in Qingshen granule group being more marked [BUN (mmol/L):13.18±4.91 vs. 18.56±5.59, SCr (μmol/L): 104.80±12.04 vs. 119.02±12.47, FN (mg/L): 29.72±16.75 vs. 46.38±8.63, α-SMA (kU/L):5.49±2.68 vs. 7.13±2.37, all P < 0.05]. The immunohistochemistry staining showed: the kidney tissue expression levels of FAK, Ras, p38MAPK, FN, and α-SMA in the model group were significantly higher than those of normal control group, above indexes were all significantly lower in Bailing capsule group and Qingshen granule group than those of the model group, and the descent in Qingshen granule group was more obvious (FAK: 3.00±1.41 vs. 5.28±2.21, FN: 4.25±1.04 vs. 6.29±2.06, α-SMA: 3.25±1.28 vs. 4.86±1.57, p38MAPK: 2.50±1.31 vs. 4.71±2.50, Ras:3.50±1.41 vs. 4.29±1.38, all P<0.05). Conclusion Qingshen granule can reduce serum BUN and SCr levels in rats with RIF, and inhibit the activation of FAK-Ras-MAPK signal transduction pathway in the kidney, thereby it may reduce the generation of FN andα-SMA and play a role of anti-RIF.