Venous system diseases mainly include varicose veins and venous malformations of lower limbs and the genital system. Most of them are chronic diseases that cause serious clinical symptoms to patients and affect their health and quality of life. Sclerotherapy has become the first-line therapy for venous system diseases. However, there are problems such as incomplete fibrosis and vascular recanalization after sclerotherapy, and improper operation will cause serious adverse consequences. Therefore, exploring a safe and effective sclerotherapy strategy is essential for developing clinically successful sclerotherapy. To solve the above problems, we proposed a new sclerotherapy strategy with a dual mechanism of "vascular damage and plasmin (PLA) system inhibition." We intended to construct a novel cationic surfactant (AEO_x-TA) by reacting tranexamic acid (TA), a parent structure, with fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO_x) by ester bonds. AEO_x-TA could damage vascular endothelium and initiate a coagulation cascade effect to induce thrombus. Furthermore, AEO_x-TA could be degraded by esterase and release the parent drug, TA, which could inhibit the PLA system to inhibit the degradation of thrombus and extracellular matrix and promote the process of vascular fibrosis. In addition, such surfactant-based sclerosants have foam-forming properties, and they can be blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to prepare a highly stable foam formulation (AEO_x-TA/P), which can achieve a precise drug delivery and prolonged drug retention time, thereby improving drug efficacy and reducing the risk of ectopic embolism. Overall, the novel cationic surfactant AEO_x-TA provides a new avenue to resolve the bottleneck: surfactant sclerosants' efficiency is relatively low in the current sclerotherapy.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second prevalent primary liver cancer, next to hepatocellular carcinoma. Epidemiologic studies suggest the morbidity of ICC is on the rise worldwide. Owing to the complex etiology, lack of effective screening methods, the concealment of early clinical symptoms and the limited treatment strategy, it is tough to diagnose to ICC and difficult for further treatment. In recent years, with the development of medical technology and the progress of medical treatment idea, active explorations have been made on the early diagnosis and treatment strategies of ICC. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the research status relating to diagnostic methods and treatment strategies.

Effect of scalding on secretory function of beta-endorphin neuron in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus was studied semiquantitatively using immunocytochemistry and image analysis. The results showed that the number of beta-endorphin neurons and area of positive products reduced significantly (P