Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, including hypertensive disorders, caesarean delivery, macrosomia, and increased lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes. Despite its clinical importance, considerable international variation exists in GDM screening and diagnostic criteria. Multiple frameworks are currently used, including those from the World Health Organization (WHO), International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups, Carpenter and Coustan, and the National Diabetes Data Group. Differences in glucose thresholds, testing protocols (one-step versus two-step), and universal versus risk-based screening contribute to heterogeneity in reported prevalence and healthcare burden. In multi-ethnic, middle-income settings such as Malaysia, identifying an evidence-informed and contextappropriate diagnostic approach is critical. Methodology: This scoping review follows the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and will be reported in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect will be searched for English-language studies, reviews, guidelines, and consensus statements reporting GDM diagnostic criteria. Two reviewers will independently screen and select studies. Results: Data will be charted on country, study type, diagnostic criteria, gestational age at screening, and reported challenges. Findings will be synthesized descriptively and presented in tables and figures. No formal risk-of-bias assessment will be conducted. Conclusion This review will provide a comprehensive overview of global diagnostic practices, highlight variations and gaps, and support evidence-based selection of a suitable GDM screening and diagnostic strategy for Malaysia.
Diabetes, Gestational ; Malaysia ; Policy ; Review Literature as Topic

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that significantly affects adolescent girls, particularly those with overweight or obesity. However, data examining the determinants and metabolic profiles of PCOS among adolescents with overweight and obesity remain limited, especially in Malaysia. This protocol describes a case-control study investigating the cardiometabolic, dietary, and psychosocial determinants of PCOS among adolescents with overweight and obesity. Methodology: This study is designed as a case-control study involving adolescent girls aged 13–16 years with a body mass index z-score >+1 standard deviation. Cases are defined as adolescent girls with a confirmed diagnosis of PCOS based on the recommendations of the 2017 International Consortium of Paediatric Endocrinology (ICPE), while controls are those who do not meet the diagnostic criteria for PCOS. A total sample size of 440 participants is required. Participants will be recruited from 22 secondary schools selected from a list of schools in Kuala Lumpur. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, psychosocial health, physical activity, and dietary intake will be collected using structured questionnaires. Blood samples will be obtained and analyzed for diagnostic testing (free testosterone), exclusion tests (thyroid-stimulating hormone, folliclestimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, prolactin, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), and biochemical parameters (liver function tests, lipid profile, hemoglobin A1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and inflammatory markers). Results: The study is expected to generate comprehensive data on the cardiometabolic, dietary, and psychosocial determinants of PCOS among adolescents with overweight and obesity. The findings will inform early screening strategies and targeted interventions aimed at reducing long-term reproductive and cardiometabolic complications. Conclusion This protocol outlines a structured approach to investigating PCOS in adolescence and addresses current gaps in early identification and risk stratification among highrisk populations.
Adolescent ; Humans ; Case-Control Studies ; Overweight ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ; Obesity

This report describes an approach to recover SARS-CoV-2 RNA from rapid antigen test kit (RTK-antigen) cassettes for whole-genome sequencing (WGS). RNA samples were recovered from 33 RTK-antigen cassettes for WGS, with 18 samples achieving more than 80% genome coverage. This work provides a proof-of-concept that positive RTK-antigen cassettes can be safely transported, stored and subjected to WGS, enabling swift identification of circulating variants.

Foodborne disease is among the primary illness that causes morbidity and mortality in the world. Several studies show that most students do not have adequate food safety knowledge to protect themselves against foodborne diseases. This study aimed to determine the food safety knowledge, behaviour, and beliefs among undergraduate students at a local university in Malaysia. This cross-sectional study involves 121 respondents from three health science-related faculties at the studied institution. The questionnaire was distributed via an online platform. This study used multiple-choiceformat questions for Food Safety Knowledge and a Likert type scale for Food Safety Behaviour and Belief question statements. Most of the respondents were female (78%). About 16% of the respondents have experience working / volunteering in food services, and half of them are involved in food handling during their services. This study recorded a moderate score in all sections (knowledge, behaviour, beliefs) with a total percentage score of 60.3%, 60.3%, and 66.1%, respectively. A strong but not significant correlation between food safety knowledge and beliefs (r = 0.69 p > 0.05) and between food safety knowledge and behaviour (r = 0.83 p > 0.05) were observed. This study is useful as a basis to develop a targeted food safety education program among undergraduate students. Students with high knowledge of food safety will increase food safety beliefs and behaviour, thus preventing them from getting any foodborne illness.

ABSTRACT Implant periapical lesion (IPL) is also known as retrograde peri-implantitis and as the name suggests, it involves inflammation surrounding the apical part of the dental implants. Previously, many studies have reported the event of IPL that further delays osseointegration, and some reported failure of implant placement due to this disease. In this article, we described two cases of early dental implant failure that was associated with active IPL and correlated the clinical and radiographical findings with the histopathological findings.
Dental Restoration Failure ; Dental Implants--adverse effects ; Periapical Tissue

Objective: To determine the etiologies of tropical acute febrile illness (TAFI) in West Pahang, Malaysia and to investigate morbidity and mortality factors in relation to TAFI. Methods: A multicenter prospective cohort study was conducted between January and June 2016 in six district hospitals throughout the western part of Pahang State in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 336 patients answered a standardized questionnaire and blood samples were collected for laboratory confirmation of infectious etiology. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression were performed to identify factors associated with TAFI. Results: A total of 336 patients were included. The patients were mainly Malays (70.2%), males (61.3%), aged (44.6±17.4) years, with more than half (58.9%) presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms. The majority were diagnosed with dengue (35.7%) while malaria (4.5%) was the least frequent. The in-hospital mortality due to TAFI was 9.2%. Patients with meliodosis had five times higher mortality [Adjusted OR: 5.002, 95% CI: (1.233, 20.286)]. Patients with comorbidities such as cardiovascular symptoms (P <0.001) and renal replacement therapy initiation (P <0.001) were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality in all TAFI. Conclusions: The etiology of TAFI in the western Pahang includes dengue, leptospirosis, malaria and melioidosis, which carry the highest risk of in-hospital mortality. The presence of cardiovascular symptoms may be used to assess the disease severity in TAFI, but more studies are needed in the future.