Against the backdrop of the "New Medical Education" initiative by the Ministry of Education, higher medical education faces an urgent need to reconstruct its talent cultivation system. Taking the Laboratory Animal Science course at Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine as an example, this paper systematically explores how to construct a teaching system featuring deep integration of scientific research and education, aiming to address the disconnection between theory and practice and the lack of innovative thinking among students in traditional teaching. The construction of this system is based on three pillars: first, the establishment of a high-level, interdisciplinary faculty team that strongly supports teaching innovation; second, reliance on the Laboratory Animal Center of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Major Brain Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine to provide the necessary facilities; third, a systematic restructuring of teaching content and modes through the "multidisciplinary, multi-format, and multilevel" integration approach. The reform has yielded remarkable results, particularly evident in the increase in students' scientific research and innovation capabilities: the proportion of student projects approved at the provincial level or above in undergraduate innovation training programs significantly increased from 11.1% before the reform to 41.6%. Furthermore, student teams have won gold and silver awards in national competitions such as the "National Undergraduate Innovation Forum for Basic Medical Sciences and Experimental Design" and the "National College Students' Medical Innovation Competition". Additionally, the teaching team's faculty members serving as chief editors and editorial board members of the national planning textbook Laboratory Animal Science published by People's Medical Publishing House mark the nationwide recognition of the course construction achievements. Practice has shown that this integrated system effectively transforms scientific research resources into educational advantages, providing an effective pathway for cultivating top-notch talents in traditional Chinese medicine with solid practical skills and advanced innovative capabilities. It also offers a replicable model for teaching reforms in peer institutions.

Objective:To explore the improvement of the quality standard of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection and conduct safety tests including abnormal toxicity test,allergic reaction test,hemolysis and coagulation test.Methods:Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection from 3 different manufactures(A,B and C)were tested respectively through abnormal toxicity test and acute toxicity test in mice,active systemic anaphylaxis test in guinea pigs and hemolysis test in vitro.Five mice were used in each batch for abnormal toxicity test according to the abnormal toxicity test method in general notice of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 Volume Ⅳ(1141),and 50 mice were selected in each batch for acute toxicity test to determine the median lethal dose(LD50)or maximum tol-erable dose(MTD)of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection,which were used to establish the method of abnormal toxicity experiment.The anaphylaxis of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection was evaluated by active systemic anaphylaxis test in guinea pigs,which was used to establish the method of allergic test.The hemoly-sis test of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection was studied by conventional tube method in vitro(macro-scopic observation)and improved hemolysis method in vitro(spectrophotometric method),which were used to establish the method of hemolysis and coagulation test.Results:① In manufacture A,the results of abnormal toxicity test were showed that LD50 was20.8 mL·kg-1and MTD was 16.5 mL·kg-1.No death or abnormal reac-tions were observed in mice tested for abnormal toxicity of 2 manufactures(B and C),and MTD was 50 and 40 mL·kg-1,respectively.②The no-observed-adverse-effect dose of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injec-tion from 3 manufactures to guinea pig intravenous was 0.83 mL·kg-1,and no allergic reaction symptoms were observed when Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection was diluted 4 times to challenge the sensitized guinea pigs(equivalent to human clinical dosage).③Differences were observed in the hemolytic effects of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection from 3 manufactures,but no obvious hemolytic reaction occurred when it was diluted 1.2 times(equivalent to 5%of the maximum clinical concentration).Conclusion:It is recommended to add abnormal toxicity test,allergic reaction test,hemolysis and coagulation test in the quality standard of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection as safety test items to control the risk.The proposed method is diluting Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection by 5 times,4 times and 1.2 times to perform abnormal toxicity test,allergic reaction test,hemolysis test and coagulation test respectively.

Objective To simulate modern social stress using a pre-pregnancy chronic mild stress(CMS)model and to explore the mechanisms of emotional,behavioral,and neurodevelopmental changes in male offspring of pre-pregnancy liver qi stagnation female mice through corticosterone(CORT)-brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)1/2 signaling cascade-mediated hippocampal injury.This study aimed to elucidate the impact of negative life events on offspring and the interventional mechanism of Shuyu Capsules.Methods CMS stress was used to induce pre-pregnancy depression in female rats(liver qi stagnation state),followed by intervention with Shuyu and fluoxetine capsules.After screening,male rats were mated and 12 male offspring from each group were selected for behavioral testing and detection of serum CORT levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.BDNF,ERK1/2,phospho(p)-ERK1/2,cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB),and p-CREB protein levels in the hippocampus were detected by Western Blot,and BDNF,ERK1,ERK2,and CREB mRNA levels in the hippocampus were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),to verify the effects of pre-pregnancy CMS on the BDNF-ERK1/2-CREB signaling pathway and to investigate the key micro-mechanisms of Shuyu Capsules on emotional and learning memory-related behaviors of male offspring of females with pre-pregnancy liver qi stagnation syndrome.Results The distance,number of entries,and duration of stay in the central area in open-field experiments were significantly reduced in offspring in the model group(all P＜0.05).The escape latency during the exploration period of the water-maze experiment was significantly prolonged(P＜0.05)and the swimming distance,duration of the target quadrant,and number of platform crossings were significantly reduced(P＜0.05,P＜0.05,P＜0.01),the suspension time and frequency in the forced-swimming experiment were increased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and the incubation period was shortened(P＜0.05)in offspring in the model group.Prophylactic treatment with Shuyu Capsules and fluoxetine improved the depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment in the offspring in the model group.Biochemical tests showed that CORT levels were increased in the CMS model group(P＜0.05),BDNF,p-ERK1/2,and p-CREB protein levels in the hippocampus were decreased(all P＜0.05),and BDNF,ERK1,ERK2,and CREB mRNA levels were significantly reduced(P＜0.01,P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.05).Treatment with Shuyu Capsules and fluoxetine increased the CORT content and BDNF,ERK1/2,and CREB protein and mRNA levels in male offspring to varying degrees.Conclusions High levels of CORT in offspring act selectively on the hippocampus,exerting adverse effects on the emotional and learning memory functions of rats by downregulating the BDNF-ERK1/2 signaling cascade.The Chinese medicine Shuyu Capsules can reduce the impact of an adverse intrauterine environment on offspring development by correcting abnormal levels and pathways of glucocorticoids.

Objective To simulate modern social stress using a pre-pregnancy chronic mild stress(CMS)model and to explore the mechanisms of emotional,behavioral,and neurodevelopmental changes in male offspring of pre-pregnancy liver qi stagnation female mice through corticosterone(CORT)-brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)1/2 signaling cascade-mediated hippocampal injury.This study aimed to elucidate the impact of negative life events on offspring and the interventional mechanism of Shuyu Capsules.Methods CMS stress was used to induce pre-pregnancy depression in female rats(liver qi stagnation state),followed by intervention with Shuyu and fluoxetine capsules.After screening,male rats were mated and 12 male offspring from each group were selected for behavioral testing and detection of serum CORT levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.BDNF,ERK1/2,phospho(p)-ERK1/2,cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB),and p-CREB protein levels in the hippocampus were detected by Western Blot,and BDNF,ERK1,ERK2,and CREB mRNA levels in the hippocampus were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),to verify the effects of pre-pregnancy CMS on the BDNF-ERK1/2-CREB signaling pathway and to investigate the key micro-mechanisms of Shuyu Capsules on emotional and learning memory-related behaviors of male offspring of females with pre-pregnancy liver qi stagnation syndrome.Results The distance,number of entries,and duration of stay in the central area in open-field experiments were significantly reduced in offspring in the model group(all P＜0.05).The escape latency during the exploration period of the water-maze experiment was significantly prolonged(P＜0.05)and the swimming distance,duration of the target quadrant,and number of platform crossings were significantly reduced(P＜0.05,P＜0.05,P＜0.01),the suspension time and frequency in the forced-swimming experiment were increased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and the incubation period was shortened(P＜0.05)in offspring in the model group.Prophylactic treatment with Shuyu Capsules and fluoxetine improved the depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment in the offspring in the model group.Biochemical tests showed that CORT levels were increased in the CMS model group(P＜0.05),BDNF,p-ERK1/2,and p-CREB protein levels in the hippocampus were decreased(all P＜0.05),and BDNF,ERK1,ERK2,and CREB mRNA levels were significantly reduced(P＜0.01,P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.05).Treatment with Shuyu Capsules and fluoxetine increased the CORT content and BDNF,ERK1/2,and CREB protein and mRNA levels in male offspring to varying degrees.Conclusions High levels of CORT in offspring act selectively on the hippocampus,exerting adverse effects on the emotional and learning memory functions of rats by downregulating the BDNF-ERK1/2 signaling cascade.The Chinese medicine Shuyu Capsules can reduce the impact of an adverse intrauterine environment on offspring development by correcting abnormal levels and pathways of glucocorticoids.

Objective:To explore the improvement of the quality standard of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection and conduct safety tests including abnormal toxicity test,allergic reaction test,hemolysis and coagulation test.Methods:Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection from 3 different manufactures(A,B and C)were tested respectively through abnormal toxicity test and acute toxicity test in mice,active systemic anaphylaxis test in guinea pigs and hemolysis test in vitro.Five mice were used in each batch for abnormal toxicity test according to the abnormal toxicity test method in general notice of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 Volume Ⅳ(1141),and 50 mice were selected in each batch for acute toxicity test to determine the median lethal dose(LD50)or maximum tol-erable dose(MTD)of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection,which were used to establish the method of abnormal toxicity experiment.The anaphylaxis of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection was evaluated by active systemic anaphylaxis test in guinea pigs,which was used to establish the method of allergic test.The hemoly-sis test of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection was studied by conventional tube method in vitro(macro-scopic observation)and improved hemolysis method in vitro(spectrophotometric method),which were used to establish the method of hemolysis and coagulation test.Results:① In manufacture A,the results of abnormal toxicity test were showed that LD50 was20.8 mL·kg-1and MTD was 16.5 mL·kg-1.No death or abnormal reac-tions were observed in mice tested for abnormal toxicity of 2 manufactures(B and C),and MTD was 50 and 40 mL·kg-1,respectively.②The no-observed-adverse-effect dose of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injec-tion from 3 manufactures to guinea pig intravenous was 0.83 mL·kg-1,and no allergic reaction symptoms were observed when Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection was diluted 4 times to challenge the sensitized guinea pigs(equivalent to human clinical dosage).③Differences were observed in the hemolytic effects of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection from 3 manufactures,but no obvious hemolytic reaction occurred when it was diluted 1.2 times(equivalent to 5%of the maximum clinical concentration).Conclusion:It is recommended to add abnormal toxicity test,allergic reaction test,hemolysis and coagulation test in the quality standard of Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection as safety test items to control the risk.The proposed method is diluting Ginkgo Leaf Extract and Dipyridamole Injection by 5 times,4 times and 1.2 times to perform abnormal toxicity test,allergic reaction test,hemolysis test and coagulation test respectively.

Objective To establish a method for bacterial endotoxin test of flumazenil bulk drug.Methods According to the bacterial endotoxin test(BET)method in general rule 1143 in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 Edition,VolumeⅣ),flumazenil was dissolved with dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)and diluted with BET water.The gel-clot method and kinetic turbidimetric assay were used to carry out the interference test and endotoxin recovery test.Results Flumazenil was dissolved with DMSO to 10 mg·mL-1,and then diluted 100 times or more by BET water,which has no interference effects on the bacterial endotoxin test.Conclusion The BET method established in this study can be used to control the quality of flumazenil by performing bacterial endotoxin tests.

Chemogenetic technology is a receptor-ligand system that regulates cell viability and function by changing receptor specificity and affinity, and it achieves precise neuronal regulation by specifically regulating neurons and neural circuits. At present, this technique is widely used in the study of neural circuits. This article briefly describes the application and progress of chemogenetic technology in the study of depression neural circuits, reviews the application of chemogenetic technology in several brain regions closely related to depression, such as ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and lateral habenula, and discusses the potential and challenges of chemogenetic technology as a technology for precise regulation of neural activity in future research, in order to provide reliable ideas and directions for chemogenetic technology in the study of depression neural circuits.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of Astragali Radix （AR）-Angelicae Sinensis Radix （ASR） drug pair on supplementing Qi and activating blood circulation in rats with Qi deficiency and blood stasis and provide a theoretical basis for clinical rational medication and identification and quality control of compound pharmacodynamic substances from the three aspects of characteristic map， identification of pharmacodynamic substances， and comparison of blood components. MethodHigh-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was employed to establish the fingerprint of AR∶ASR （3∶1）， and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS） was employed to analyze the ingredients of the decoction. Adult male Wistar rats with SPF grades were selected and randomly divided into a blank group， a model group， a 3∶1 group， and a 5∶1 group. The rat model of Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome was prepared by controlling food intake and swimming in cold water every day. In parallel， each group was given medicine （or water） once a day. The dose of drug groups was 10.2 g∙kg^-1， and the model group and blank group were given the same amount of distilled water for 15 d. Animal behavior， body weight， whole blood and plasma viscosity， thymus index， spleen index， the levels of adenosine triphosphate （ATP）， adenosine diphosphate（ADP）， von willebrand factor （vWF）， and ATP/ADP value in serum of rats were recorded. The morphology of vascular endothelium was observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining and scanning electron microscopy. UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS was used to analyze prototype and metabolic components in serum. ResultThe fingerprint of AR-ASR drug pair （AR-ASR 3∶1） was established. UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS identified 49 chemical components in vitro and preliminarily identified 11 prototype components absorbed into blood in vivo. As compared with the blank group， the body mass decreased significantly （P<0.01）， the whole blood （high shear， middle shear， and low shear） viscosity and plasma viscosity were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， the thymus index and spleen index decreased significantly （P<0.05， P<0.01）， serum ATP content decreased significantly （P<0.01）， ADP content increased significantly （P<0.01）， ATP/ADP value decreased significantly （P<0.01）， and vWF content increased significantly （P<0.01）. The results of HE staining and scanning electron microscopy showed that the vessels were partially damaged， showing the structural disorder of the intima， the bulge， defect， and roughness of the endothelium， and the obvious cell adhesion and migration in the model group. As compared with the model group， the body mass also increased significantly （P<0.01）. The results of whole blood and plasma viscosity showed that the whole blood low shear viscosity was significantly decreased in the 3∶1 group （P<0.05）. The results of thymus index and spleen index showed that 5∶1 group significantly increased the thymus index of rats （P<0.05）. The results of serum ATP and ADP levels showed that the 5∶1 group had more significant effects on ATP and ADP levels （P<0.05）， and both groups significantly reduced ATP/ADP values （P<0.01）. The results of serum vWF level showed that the vWF content in the 3∶1 group decreased significantly （P<0.05）. The results of HE staining and scanning electronic microscopy showed that the damage of vascular endothelium was improved in the treatment group and the structure of intima was neat. ConclusionAR-ASR drug pair can improve the macro and micro indexes of rats with qi deficiency and blood stasis in the 3∶1 and 5∶1 groups. Overall， the 5∶1 ratio has a better effect on supplementing Qi but 3∶1 ratio has a better effect on promoting blood circulation.

Neural recording electrodes enable the acquisition and collection of electrical signals from neu-rons,and these recorded neural electrical signals are an important means of understanding neuronal activity.As a major component of the brain-machine interface,neu-ral recording electrodes serve as a bridge between the nervous system and external devices.The extracted information can be used to understand the state of the brain and acts as a feedback signal to regulate external devices,thus providing important information for the clini-cal treatment of neurological diseases.Moreover,the electrodes can be used as a vehicle for drug injection to directly treat diseases.Since the time that Strumwas-ser used microwires to achieve long-term recordings of neural activity in hibernating squirrels,implantable elec-trode technology has gradually improved over three gen-erations of development,and progress has been made in improving the biocompatibility,mechanical performance(size,shape,density,etc.),and signal-to-noise ratio.Implantable neural recording electrodes can acquire sig-nals from cortical and deep neural clusters,with the advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio,information con-tent,and spatial/temporal resolution.However,there is still a need to improve the structure and performance of these electrodes;for example,their high invasiveness and lack of biocompatibility pose technical difficulties in the process of translation to the clinic.This paper reviews the basic requirements for electrodes,main recording methods and signal types,common types of implant-able neural recording electrodes,and their challenges and future development directions.With the continuous development of electrode materials,equipment,systems,and neurotechnology,it should be possible to apply neu-ral recording electrodes in clinical practice,to promote safe and efficient treatment of human diseases.

Objective: To observe the efficacy of acupuncture combined with sitting-position knee-adjustment manipulations in treating patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Methods: Ninety-two patients with patellofemoral osteoarthritis were randomized into an observation group and a medication group, with 46 cases in each group. The observation group received acupuncture and sitting-position knee-adjustment manipulations, and the medication group received oral celecoxib capsules. After 8-week treatment, changes in the short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ) and Lysholm knee scoring scale (LKSS) scores were observed, and the clinical efficacy was compared.Results: The total effective rate was 87.0％ in the observation group and 63.0％ in the control group; the between- group difference was statistically significant. Before treatment, there were no significant differences in the SF-MPQ score or LKSS score (P>0.05). After 8-week treatment, the SF-MPQ [including pain rating index (PRI), visual analog scale (VAS), and present pain intensity (PPI)] and LKSS scores showed notable changes in both groups (P<0.05); the SF-MPQ and LKSS scores in the observation group were significantly different from those in the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion: Combining acupuncture and sitting-position knee-adjustment manipulations can reduce pain and ameliorate joint function in patients with patellofemoral osteoarthritis, producing more significant efficacy than oral celecoxib capsules.