Objective To explore the mechanism of Yishen Jiangtang Decoction(YSJTD)in improving diabetic kidney disease(DKD)based on the apoptotic Bcl-2/Caspase-3 pathway mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS).Methods Thirty 8-week-old SPF male db/db mice were used to establish the DKD model and were randomly divided into model,YSJTD,ERS inhibitor(4-phenylbutyric acid[4-PBA]),and control groups(db/m mice),with 10 mice per group.Mice in the YSJTD and 4-PBA groups were gavaged daily with 5.6 mg/(g·d)YSJTD or 0.5 mg/(g·d)4-PBA,respectively,whereas the model and control groups received sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.Each mouse was orally administered 0.01 mL/(g·d)for 8 weeks.The mice were administered 0.01 mL/(g·d)YSJTD or 0.5mg/(g·d)4-PBA via gavage for 8 weeks.The general condition of the mice was observed,and blood glucose and plasma lipid levels were measured.Oral glucose tolerance tests(OGTT)and insulin tolerance tests(ITT)were performed,and the area under the curve(AUC)was calculated.Renal pathological changes(assessed using hematoxylin and eosin,periodic acid-Schiff,and Masson staining)and cell apoptosis,evaluated via TUNEL staining,were examined.Protein expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 in kidney tissues were analyzed using Western blotting.A DKD model was established using high-glucose-induced mouse glomerular mesangial cells,SV40 MES 13.The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to screen for high glucose concentrations and to determine the concentration of the YSJTD drug-containing serum.Cells were divided into four groups:control,model(30 mmol/L high glucose),10％YSJTD drug-containing serum(30 mmol/L high glucose+10％drug-containing serum),and 1 mol/L 4-PBA(30 mmol/L high glucose+1 mmol/L 4-PBA).Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of GRP78,Caspase-3,and Bcl-2 in the cells.Results Compared to the control group,the model,YSJTD,and 4-PBA groups exhibited significantly increased OGTT-AUC,ITT-AUC,triglyceride(TG),and cholesterol(CHOL)levels(P＜0.05).These groups also showed severe renal pathological damage,increased glycogen deposition,and exacerbated fibrosis in kidney tissues.Compared to the model group,both the YSJTD and 4-PBA groups showed significantly reduced OGTT-AUC,TG,and CHOL levels,alleviated renal pathological damage,and decreased glycogen deposition and fibrosis.The YSJTD group also exhibited significantly reduced ITT-AUC(P＜0.05).Compared to the control group,the model group exhibited an increased number of apoptotic cells in renal tissue,reduced Bcl-2 expression,and elevated Caspase-3 expression(P＜0.05).Compared to the model group,both the YSJTD and 4-PBA groups demonstrated a reduced number of apoptotic cells,decreased Caspase-3 expression,and increased Bcl-2 expression,with the YSJTD group showing a more pronounced decrease in apoptotic cells(P＜0.05).In vitro experiments revealed that,compared to the control group,the model group exhibited increased GRP78 and Caspase-3 expression,as well as decreased Bcl-2 expression(P＜0.05).Compared to the model group,the 10％YSJTD drug-containing serum and 1 mol/L 4-PBA groups showed reduced GRP78 and Caspase-3 expression,as well as upregulated Bcl-2 expression(P＜0.05).Conclusion YSJTD improves glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in DKD by inhibiting the ERS-induced apoptotic pathway mediated by Bcl-2/Caspase-3,thereby exerting protective effects on renal function.

Objective To explore the mechanism of Yishen Jiangtang Decoction(YSJTD)in improving diabetic kidney disease(DKD)based on the apoptotic Bcl-2/Caspase-3 pathway mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS).Methods Thirty 8-week-old SPF male db/db mice were used to establish the DKD model and were randomly divided into model,YSJTD,ERS inhibitor(4-phenylbutyric acid[4-PBA]),and control groups(db/m mice),with 10 mice per group.Mice in the YSJTD and 4-PBA groups were gavaged daily with 5.6 mg/(g·d)YSJTD or 0.5 mg/(g·d)4-PBA,respectively,whereas the model and control groups received sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.Each mouse was orally administered 0.01 mL/(g·d)for 8 weeks.The mice were administered 0.01 mL/(g·d)YSJTD or 0.5mg/(g·d)4-PBA via gavage for 8 weeks.The general condition of the mice was observed,and blood glucose and plasma lipid levels were measured.Oral glucose tolerance tests(OGTT)and insulin tolerance tests(ITT)were performed,and the area under the curve(AUC)was calculated.Renal pathological changes(assessed using hematoxylin and eosin,periodic acid-Schiff,and Masson staining)and cell apoptosis,evaluated via TUNEL staining,were examined.Protein expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 in kidney tissues were analyzed using Western blotting.A DKD model was established using high-glucose-induced mouse glomerular mesangial cells,SV40 MES 13.The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to screen for high glucose concentrations and to determine the concentration of the YSJTD drug-containing serum.Cells were divided into four groups:control,model(30 mmol/L high glucose),10％YSJTD drug-containing serum(30 mmol/L high glucose+10％drug-containing serum),and 1 mol/L 4-PBA(30 mmol/L high glucose+1 mmol/L 4-PBA).Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of GRP78,Caspase-3,and Bcl-2 in the cells.Results Compared to the control group,the model,YSJTD,and 4-PBA groups exhibited significantly increased OGTT-AUC,ITT-AUC,triglyceride(TG),and cholesterol(CHOL)levels(P＜0.05).These groups also showed severe renal pathological damage,increased glycogen deposition,and exacerbated fibrosis in kidney tissues.Compared to the model group,both the YSJTD and 4-PBA groups showed significantly reduced OGTT-AUC,TG,and CHOL levels,alleviated renal pathological damage,and decreased glycogen deposition and fibrosis.The YSJTD group also exhibited significantly reduced ITT-AUC(P＜0.05).Compared to the control group,the model group exhibited an increased number of apoptotic cells in renal tissue,reduced Bcl-2 expression,and elevated Caspase-3 expression(P＜0.05).Compared to the model group,both the YSJTD and 4-PBA groups demonstrated a reduced number of apoptotic cells,decreased Caspase-3 expression,and increased Bcl-2 expression,with the YSJTD group showing a more pronounced decrease in apoptotic cells(P＜0.05).In vitro experiments revealed that,compared to the control group,the model group exhibited increased GRP78 and Caspase-3 expression,as well as decreased Bcl-2 expression(P＜0.05).Compared to the model group,the 10％YSJTD drug-containing serum and 1 mol/L 4-PBA groups showed reduced GRP78 and Caspase-3 expression,as well as upregulated Bcl-2 expression(P＜0.05).Conclusion YSJTD improves glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in DKD by inhibiting the ERS-induced apoptotic pathway mediated by Bcl-2/Caspase-3,thereby exerting protective effects on renal function.

Background::Although overnight fasting is recommended prior to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), the benefits and safety of high-carbohydrate fluid diet (CFD) intake 2 h before ERCP remain unclear. This study aimed to analyze whether high-CFD intake 2 h before ERCP can be safe and accelerate patients’ recovery.Methods::This prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial involved 15 tertiary ERCP centers. A total of 1330 patients were randomized into CFD group ( n = 665) and fasting group ( n = 665). The CFD group received 400 mL of maltodextrin orally 2 h before ERCP, while the control group abstained from food/water overnight (>6 h) before ERCP. All ERCP procedures were performed using deep sedation with intravenous propofol. The investigators were blinded but not the patients. The primary outcomes included postoperative fatigue and abdominal pain score, and the secondary outcomes included complications and changes in metabolic indicators. The outcomes were analyzed according to a modified intention-to-treat principle. Results::The post-ERCP fatigue scores were significantly lower at 4 h (4.1 ± 2.6 vs. 4.8 ± 2.8, t = 4.23, P <0.001) and 20 h (2.4 ± 2.1 vs. 3.4 ± 2.4, t= 7.94, P <0.001) in the CFD group, with least-squares mean differences of 0.48 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26–0.71, P <0.001) and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.57–0.95, P <0.001), respectively. The 4-h pain scores (2.1 ± 1.7 vs. 2.2 ± 1.7, t = 2.60, P = 0.009, with a least-squares mean difference of 0.21 [95% CI: 0.05–0.37]) and positive urine ketone levels (7.7% [39/509] vs. 15.4% [82/533], χ2 = 15.13, P <0.001) were lower in the CFD group. The CFD group had significantly less cholangitis (2.1% [13/634] vs. 4.0% [26/658], χ2 = 3.99, P = 0.046) but not pancreatitis (5.5% [35/634] vs. 6.5% [43/658], χ2 = 0.59, P = 0.444). Subgroup analysis revealed that CFD reduced the incidence of complications in patients with native papilla (odds ratio [OR]: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.39–0.95, P = 0.028) in the multivariable models. Conclusion::Ingesting 400 mL of CFD 2 h before ERCP is safe, with a reduction in post-ERCP fatigue, abdominal pain, and cholangitis during recovery.Trail Registration::ClinicalTrials.gov, No. NCT03075280.

Objective To establish a nomogram model for efficiently predicting overall survival(OS)and cancer-specific survival(CSS)in patients with CRCHBM.Method 2239 patients from 2010 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results Program(SEER)databases and Wuhan Union Hospital Cancer Center.SEER is randomly assigned to the training and internal validation cohorts,and the Wuhan database serves as the external validation.Cox regression analyses were used to determine the independent clinicopathological prognosis factors affecting OS and CSS,and a nomogram was constructed to predict OS and CSS.The clinical utility of columnar plots was assessed using calibration curves,area under the curve(AUC),and decision curve analysis(DCA).Result OS column line graphs were constructed based on nine independent predictors:age,tumor location,degree of differentiation,tumor size,TNM stage,chemotherapy,primary focus surgery,number of lymph nodes sampled,and serum carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)level.The C-index of the nomogram to predict the 1-,3-,and 5-year OS were 0.764,0.790,and 0.805 in the training group,0.754,0.760,and 0.801 in the internal validation group,and 0.822,0.874,and 0.906 in the external validation group.CSS column line graphs were constructed based on 3 independent predictors of TNM staging,radiotherapy and chemotherapy.The 1-,3-,and 5-year CSS AUROC values of the training group were 0.791,0.757,and 0.782,respectively.0.682,0.709,0.625 in the internal validation group and 0.759,0.702,0.755 in the external validation group,respectively.The results of receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC),ROC and DCA showed that the use of our model was more effective in predicting OS and CSS than other single clinicopathological features.Conclusion In summary,the nomogram based on significant clinicopathological features can be conveniently used to predict OS and CSS individually in patients with CRCHBM.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) on the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) with chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy.Methods:A retrospective cohort study. The clinical data of 168 patients with RRMM who underwent CAR-T therapy at the Department of Hematology, Xuzhou Medical University Hospital from 3 January 2020 to 13 September 2022 were analyzed. Patients were classified into a transplantation group (TG; n=47) and non-transplantation group (NTG; n=121) based on whether or not they had undergone ASCT previously. The objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and the levels of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD56 and natural killer (NK) cells before CAR-T infusion were analyzed by χ2 test, Kaplan-Meier method and independent sample t-test. Results:Among 168 patients with RRMM, 98 (58.3%) were male. The median age of onset was 57 (range 30-70) years. After CAR-T therapy, the ORR of patients was 89.3% (92/103) in the NTG and 72.9% (27/73) in the TG. The ORR of the NTG was better than that of the TG ( χ2=5.71, P=0.017). After 1 year of CAR-T therapy, the ORR of the NTG was 78.1% (75/96), and that of the TG was 59.4% (19/32). The ORR of the NTG was better than that of the TG ( χ2=4.32, P=0.038). The median OS and PFS in the NTG were significantly longer than those in the TG (OS, 30 vs. 20 months; PFS, 26 vs. 12 months; both P<0.05). The CD4 level before CAR-T infusion in the TG was significantly lower than that in the NTG (25.65±13.56 vs. 32.64±17.21; t=-2.15, P=0.034), and there were no significant differences in the counts of CD3, CD8, CD19, CD56, and NK cells between the TG and NTG (all P>0.05). Conclusion:Among patients suffering from RRMM who received CAR-T therapy, patients who did not receive ASCT had significantly better outcomes than those who had received ASCT previously, which may have been related to the CD4 level before receiving CAR-T therapy.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of Chaihu Shugansan in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in rats based on mitophagy and PTEN-induced kinase 1 （Pink1）/E3 ubiquitin ligase （Parkin）. signaling pathway. MethodAccording to the principle of random grouping， 40 SD rats were assigned into a normal group， a model group， a Chaihu Shugansan group， and a positive drug （domperidone） group， with 10 rats in each group. The rats in other groups except the normal group received tail-clamping stimulation to replicate the model of functional dyspepsia. After each time of stimulation， the rats in the normal， model， Chaihu Shugansan， and positive drug groups were administrated with normal saline， normal saline， Chaihu Shugansan （4.8 g·kg^-1）， and an aqueous solution of domperidone （4.5 mg·kg^-1）， respectively. After 28 days of modeling， the gastric emptying rate and the small intestine propulsion rate of the rats in each group were measured and the tissue samples were collected. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was employed for observation of damage in gastric antrum tissue， and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） for ultrastructural observation of gastric interstitial cells of Cajal （ICCs）. Immunofluorescence co-localization was adopted to observe the expression of cytochrome c oxidase （COX Ⅳ） and Parkin. Western blot was employed to determine the expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1， light chain 3 （LC3）， and the mitophagy-associated proteins prohibitin2 （PHB2）， Pink1， Parkin， and ubiquitin-specific protease 30 （USP30）. ResultCompared with the normal group， the modeling decreased the gastric emptying rate and the small intestine propulsion rate （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， Chaihu Shugansan increased the gastric emptying rate and the small intestine propulsion rate （P<0.05）. The results of TEM showed that Chaihu Shugansan reduced the swelling degree of mitochondria in gastric antrum tissue. Compared with the normal group， the modeling increased the fluorescence intensity of Parkin in mitochondria （P<0.01）， while such increase can be alleviated by Chaihu Shugansan （P<0.01）. Western blotting results showed that compared with the normal group， the modeling up-regulated the protein levels of LC3， Pink1， Parkin， and PHB2 （P<0.05， P<0.01） and down-regulated the protein level of USP30 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， Chaihu Shugansan down-regulated the protein levels of LC3， Pink1， Parkin， and PHB2 （P<0.05， P<0.01） and up-regulated the protein level of USP30 （P<0.01）. ConclusionChaihu Shugansan may treat functional dyspepsia by blocking the Pink1/Parkin signaling pathway to inhibit excessive mitochondrial autophagy in ICCs.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of choledocholithiasis com-bined with periampullary diverticulum and influencing factor for difficult cannulation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).Methods:The retrospective case-control study was conducted. The clinical data of 1 920 patients who underwent ERCP for choledocholithiasis in 15 medical centers, including the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, et al, from July 2015 to December 2017 were collected. There were 915 males and 1 005 females, aged (63±16)years. Of 1 920 patients, there were 228 cases with periampullary diverticulum and 1 692 cases without periampullary diverticulum. Observation indicators: (1) clinical characteristics of patients with choledocholithiasis; (2) intraoperative and postoperative situations of patients undergoing ERCP for choledocholithiasis; (3) influencing factor analysis for difficult cannulation in patients undergoing ERCP for choledocholithiasis. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean±SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the independent sample t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range) or M( Q1, Q3), and com-parison between groups was conducted using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. The Logistic regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. Results:(1) Clinical characteristics of patients with choledocholithiasis. Age, body mass index, cases with complications as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diameter of common bile duct, cases with diameter of common bile duct as <8 mm, 8?12 mm, >12 mm, diameter of stone, cases with number of stones as single and multiple were (69±12)years, (23.3±3.0)kg/m 2, 16, (14±4)mm, 11, 95, 122, (12±4)mm, 89, 139 in patients with choledocholithiasis combined with periampullary diverticulum, versus (62±16)years, (23.8±2.8)kg/m 2, 67, (12±4)mm, 159, 892, 641, (10±4)mm, 817, 875 in patients with choledocholithiasis not combined with periampullary diver-ticulum, showing significant differences in the above indicators between the two groups ( t=?7.55, 2.45, χ2=4.54, t=?4.92, Z=4.66, t=?7.31, χ2=6.90, P<0.05). (2) Intraoperative and postoperative situations of patients undergoing ERCP for choledocholithiasis. The balloon expansion diameter, cases with intraoperative bleeding, cases with hemorrhage management of submucosal injection, hemostatic clip, spray hemostasis, electrocoagulation hemostasis and other treatment, cases with endoscopic plastic stent placement, cases with endoscopic nasal bile duct drainage, cases with mechanical lithotripsy, cases with stone complete clearing, cases with difficult cannulation, cases with delayed intubation, cases undergoing >5 times of cannulation attempts, cannulation time, X-ray exposure time, operation time were 10.0(range, 8.5?12.0)mm, 56, 6, 5, 43, 1, 1, 52, 177, 67, 201, 74, 38, 74, (7.4±3.1)minutes, (6±3)minutes, (46±19)minutes in patients with choledocholithiasis combined with periampullary diverticulum, versus 9.0(range, 8.0?11.0)mm, 243, 35, 14, 109, 73, 12, 230, 1 457, 167, 1 565, 395, 171, 395, (6.6±2.9)minutes, (6±5)minutes, (41±17)minutes in patients with choledocholithiasis not combined with periampullary diverticulum, showing significant differences in the above indicators between the two groups ( Z=6.31, χ2=15.90, 26.02, 13.61, 11.40, 71.51, 5.12, 9.04, 8.92, 9.04, t=?3.89, 2.67, ?3.61, P<0.05). (3) Influencing factor analysis for difficult cannulation in patients undergoing ERCP for choledocholithiasis. Results of multivariate analysis showed total bilirubin >30 umol/L, number of stones >1, combined with periampullary diverticulum were indepen-dent risk factors for difficult cannulation in patients with periampullary diverticulum who underwent ERCP for choledocholithiasis ( odds ratio=1.31, 1.48, 1.44, 95% confidence interval as 1.06?1.61, 1.20?1.84, 1.06?1.95, P<0.05). Results of further analysis showed that, of 1 920 patients undergoing ERCP for choledocholithiasis, the incidence of postoperative pancreatitis was 17.271%(81/469) and 8.132%(118/1 451) in the 469 cases with difficult cannulation and 1 451 cases without difficult cannula-tion, respectively, showing a significant difference between them ( χ2=31.86, P<0.05). In the 1 692 patients with choledocholithiasis not combined with periampullary diverticulum, the incidence of postopera-tive pancreatitis was 17.722%(70/395) and 8.250%(107/1 297) in 395 cases with difficult cannula-tion and 1 297 cases without difficult cannulation, respectively, showing a significant difference between them ( χ2=29.00, P<0.05). In the 228 patients with choledocholithiasis combined with peri-ampullary diverticulum, the incidence of postoperative pancreatitis was 14.865%(11/74) and 7.143%(11/154) in 74 cases with difficult cannulation and 154 cases without difficult cannulation, respectively, showing no significant difference between them ( χ2=3.42, P>0.05). Conclusions:Compared with patients with choledocholithiasis not combined with periampullary divertioulum, periampullary divertioulum often occurs in choledocholithiasis patients of elderly and low body mass index. The proportion of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is high in choledocholithiasis patients with periampullary diverticulum, and the diameter of stone is large, the number of stone is more in these patients. Combined with periampullary diverticulum will increase the difficult of cannulation and the ratio of patient with mechanical lithotripsy, and reduce the ratio of patient with stone complete clearing without increasing postoperative complications of choledocholithiasis patients undergoing ERCP. Total bilirubin >30 μmol/L, number of stones >1, combined with periampullary diverticulum are independent risk factors for difficult cannulation in patients of periampullary diverticulum who underwent ERCP for choledocholithiasis.

Objective:To improve clinicians' understanding of congenital nephrogenital diabetes insipidus (CNDI) and to reduce missed and misdiagnosis. Methords 　Based on the literature, the clinical data and gene mutation of 2 patients with CNDI who were admitted to the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology on July 30, 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. Results:(1) The presentee, 4 years old, had irritable thirst, polydipsia and polyuria for more than 3 years. The sister, 2.5 years old, had irritable thirst, polydipsia and polyuria for more than 2 years. The clinical diagnosis was “CNDI”, and the symptoms improved after treatment with hydrochlorothiazide. (2) The genetic test revealed that the congenital nephrogenic uremia and her sister had a heterozygous mutation of c.170A>C (p.Q57P) and c.211G>A (p.Vl71M) in the aquaporin-2 gene, and the mother carried the AQP2 gene. c.170A>C(p.Q57P) mutation.Conclusion:CNDI is a rare disease. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve the prognosis of patients to the greatest extent, and prenatal diagnosis can guide eugenics.

ObjectiveTo study the possible mechanism of Chaihu Shugan Powder （柴胡疏肝散， CSP） in the treatment of functional dyspepsia （FD）. MethodsTwenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group， a model group， a CSP group and a probiotic group， with six rats in each group.The tail-clamping provocation method was used in all groups except for the normal group to replicate the FD rat model. Simultaneously， the normal group and the model group were given 10 ml/（kg·d） of saline by gavage， while the CSP group and the probiotic group were given 9.6 g/（kg·d） of CSP aqueous decoction and 0.945 g/（kg·d） of probiotic aqueous solution by gavage， respectively， twice daily for four weeks. After four weeks， the gastric emptying and small intestinal propulsion rates were detected in each group of rats. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in the gastric sinusoids and duodenum of the rats. The changes in the intestinal flora were analyzed by 16s rDNA high-throughput gene sequencing， and the expressions of the duodenal zona occludin 1 （ZO-1） and Occludin were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Pearson correlation analysis was performed on intestinal flora and ZO-1 and Occludin protein expression. ResultsThe gastric antrum tissue structure was clear in all groups， and the gland structure was regular， with smooth gastric tissue mucosa and no pathological changes such as erosion and ulcer. Compared to those in the normal group， the intestinal villi in the duodenal tissue in the model group were significantly reduced or atrophied， and the goblet cells were arranged in disorder， with eosinophilic infiltration； the gastric emptying rate and small intestinal propulsion rate， as well as ZO-1 and Occludin protein expression in duodenal tissue significantly decreased （P＜0.01）. Compared to those in the model group， the duodenal tissue structure was clear， and the length intestinal villi was longer， with goblet cells neatly arranged in the CSP group and the probiotic group； no obvious eosinophil infiltration was found， and the gastric emptying rate and small intestinal propulsion rate as well as ZO-1 and Occludin protein expression significantly increased in the CSP group； a small amount of eosinophil infiltration was found， and the gastric emptying rate and Occludin protein expression significantly increased in the probiotic group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Beta diversity analysis of intestinal flora showed that the overall structure of intestinal flora in the model group changed significantly compared to that in the normal group （P＜0.01）. The overall structure of the intestinal flora in the CSP group and the probiotic group was closer to the normal group than the model group. Species composition analysis showed that the relative abundance of the Firmicutes decreased， while the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes and norank_f_Muribaculaceae increased， and the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes value increased in the model group than those in the normal group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared to those in the model group， the relative abundance of the Firmicutes increased， while the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes and norank_f_Muribaculaceae， as well as the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes value decreased in the CSP group and the probiotic group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. There was no statistically significant difference in each indicator between the probiotic group and the CSP group （P＞0.05）. Pearson correlation analysis showed that at the phylum level， Firmicutes was positively correlated with ZO-1 （r=0.610， P=0.016） and Occludin （r=0.694， P=0.004） protein expression. Bacteroidetes was negatively correlated with ZO-1 （r=-0.557， P=0.031） and Occludin （r=-0.662， P=0.007） protein expression. At the genus level， norank_f_Muribaculaceae was negatively correlated with ZO-1 （r=-0.727， P=0.002） and Occludin （r=-0.760，P=0.001） protein expression. ConclusionCSP can restore the structure of intestinal flora， regulate the abundance levels of Firmicutes， Bacteroidetes and norank_f_Muribaculaceae， up-regulate ZO-1 and Occludin proteins， and thus repairing the duodenal mucosal barrier， and playing a therapeutic role in FD rats.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of humanized CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells (hCART19s) in treating children and young adults with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R ALL) and to analyze relevant factors affecting its curative effect and prognosis.Methods:We conducted a single-center clinical trial involving 31 children and young adult patients with R/R B-ALL who were treated with humanized CD19-specific CAR-T cells (hCART19s) from May 2016 to September 2021.Results:Results showed that 27 (87.1%) patients achieved complete remission (CR) or CR with incomplete count recovery (CRi) one month after CAR-T cell infusion. During treatment, 20 (64.5%) patients developed grade 1-2 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) , and 4 (12.9%) developed grade 3 CRS. Additionally, two patients had grade 1 neurological events. During the follow-up with a median time of 19.3 months, the median event-free survival (EFS) was 15.7 months (95% CI 8.7-22.5) , and the median overall survival (OS) was 32.2 months (95% CI 10.6-53.9) . EFS and OS rates were higher in patients who have undergone hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) than in those without [EFS: (75.0 ± 12.5) % vs (21.1 ± 9.4) %, P=0.012; OS: (75.0 ± 12.5) % vs (24.6 ± 10.2) %, P=0.035]. The EFS and OS rates were significantly lower in patients with >3 treatment lines than in those with <3 treatment lines [EFS: 0 vs (49.5±10.4) %, P<0.001; OS: 0 vs (52.0±10.8) %, P<0.001]. To the cutoff date, 12 patients presented with CD19 + relapse, and 1 had CD19 - relapse. Conclusion:hCART19s are effective in treating pediatric and young adult R/R ALL patients, with a low incidence of severe adverse events and reversible symptoms. Following HSCT, the number of treatment lines can affect the long-term efficacy and prognosis of pediatric and young adult R/R ALL patients.