Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiangtang （CGG）is a classic prescription in the Treatise on Cold Damage，which has the effects of clearing and relieving stagnation heat in Shaoyang，warming and dissolving water drink，and relieving the pivot mechanism. It is a classic prescription for treating spleen deficiency and liver depression and stopping internal stagnation caused by water drink. The formula is exquisite and well-matched and is often modified and used by ancient and modern medical practitioners to treat various miscellaneous diseases of internal and external medicine，with significant therapeutic effects. In recent years，with the rapid development of modern pharmacology，research on the micro mechanism of CGG has been continuously developed and deepened，providing new ideas for the treatment of diseases with CGG. Therefore，the authors systematically searched databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure，Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform，VIP Database， and PubMed for literature on the clinical application and pharmacological mechanism of CGG published by Chinese and foreign scholars in recent years. This article summarized the literature from two aspects：the modern clinical application and mechanism of action of CGG and elaborated on the diseases treated by CGG in modern literature，involving digestive system，respiratory system，nervous system，endocrine system，circulatory system，urinary system，gynecology，as well as its application in reducing the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy， gynecology， dermatology， ophthalmology， and orthopedics. At the same time，the mechanism of CGG in treating diseases may be related to anti-inflammatory，anti-oxidative stress， regulation of immunity， anti-fibrosis， anti-tumor， improvement of gastrointestinal flora and motility， protection of liver tissue， reduction of blood lipids and blood sugar， and regulation of hormone levels.

Objective To explore the effects of CDP-diacylglycerol synthase 1(CDS1)on autophagy and amyloid deposition in hippocampal neurons of mice and the related mechanism.Methods Congo red and immunohistochemical staining were used to observe the amyloid deposition in hippocampus of amyloid precursor protein(APP)/presenilin 1(PS1)double-transgenic mice.Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of APP was induced in HT22 cells,and Congo red staining was used to observe the amyloid deposition in HT22 cells.The protein expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3)-Ⅱ and P62 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice and APP-overexpressed HT22 cells were detected by Western blotting.The differential protein CDS1 was screened based on the hippocampal proteomics results of APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice.The expression of CDS1 protein in hippocampal tissue of APP/PS1 transgenic mice and APP-overexpressed HT22 cells was detected by Western blotting.After lentivirus-mediated APP overexpression in HT22 cells,CDS1 was overexpressed,and the protein expression levels of LC3-Ⅱ and P62 were detected by Western blotting.Results β-amyloid protein(Aβ)was deposited in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice and in HT22 cells overexpressing APP.The levels of LC3-Ⅱ and P62 protein in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice and APP-overexpressed HT22 cells were significantly increased.A differential metabolic pathway,glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway,was screened by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis in the proteomic results of APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice,and the differential protein CDS1 was obtained.Compared with wild-type C57BL/6 mice,APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice exhibited a significantly decrease in CDS1 protein expression in the hippocampus(0.46±0.07 vs 1.00±0.25,P＜0.01).Similarly,lentivirus-mediated overexpression of APP in HT22 cells resulted in decreased CDS1 protein levels compared to cells infected with empty viral vector controls(0.68±0.18 vs 1.00±0.13,P＜0.01).The autophagy flow of nerve cells was significantly restored after the CDS1 overexpression in APP-overexpressed HT22 cells(LC3-Ⅱ:1.00±0.15 vs 0.21±0.05,P＜0.01;P62:1.00±0.16 vs 0.67±0.10,P＜0.01),and Aβ deposition was significantly decreased.Conclusion Downregulation of CDS1 expression can induce dysfusion of autophagosome and lysosome,promoting amyloid deposition in hippocampus of mice with Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with hidden onset.Recent researches have shown that apolipoprotein E4(APOE4)is a high-risk genetic factor of AD,and the clinical symptoms in APOE4 genotype AD patients are closely related to metabolic disorders.This paper reviewed the role of APOE4 in the pathogenesis of AD,and it is indicated that APOE4 contributes to the injury of the cerebral blood-brain barrier,is associated with the disorder of cerebral glucose and lipid metabolism,and leads to the damage of the scavenging ability of microglia.Moreover,this paper explored the approach of early intervention of AD with traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)based on the APOE4 pathogenesis.Based on the pathogenesis of AD being deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality,and under the guidance of the principle of prevention before illness in TCM,it is proposed that early TCM intervention for APOE4 genotype AD patients with metabolic disorders can be performed through improving the phlegm-dampness constitution,by focusing on insulin resistance-related indicators,and with traditional Chinese drug therapy based on syndrome differentiation alone or together with comprehensive management of exercises,diet control and drug interventions,thus to reduce or delay the onset of APOE4 genotype AD.

Objective : To investigate the phenotype of amoxicillin ( AMX) unstable resistant Helicobacter pylori (Hp) evolving into AMX stable high level resistance and the detection of its mutated genes． Methods : Using the frozen Hp strain H390 as the starting strain，the clones resistant to AMX were continuously cultured on the medium with increasing AMX concentration，and the minimum inhibitory concentration ( MIC) of the resistant clones was detected．After frozen at －80 ℃ for 3 months，the drug resistance was stable according to whether the MIC de- creased after frozen storage． Genome sequencing analysis and efflux pump inhibition assay were performed on cloned H390r and parental strain H390 with the highest AMX MIC value，and gene mutations associated with the high level AMX resistance obtained by H390r were detected and identified. Results : Four AMX high level resistant clones were obtained by AMX screening with MICs of 12，32，64 and ≥ 256 mg / L ，respectively，and none of the MICs were altered after freezing at －80 ℃ . Compared to the parental strain H390，the AMX stable resistant clone H390r had mutations in several genes，including hefC encoding the RND efflux system，hopB and hopC encoding the pore proteins and ftsI encoding the penicillin binding protein ，which were associated with AMX resistance. H390r was substantially reduced in MIC to AMX in the presence of efflux pump inhibitors． Conclusion AMX can screen stable resistant clones from unstable resistant Hp．H390r had mutations in hefC，hopB，hopC，and ftsI asso- ciated with AMX resistance．These mutations may be the main reason why H390r acquired a stable high level of re- sistance to AMX.

Objective To investigate the effect of age on the incidence of cirrhosis and liver cancer in patients with chronic hepatitis B.Methods 279 patients with chronic hepatitis B were divided into the senior group and the younger group according to the age of the patients.The cumulative incidence of cirrhosis and liver cancer during 25 years of follow-up was calculated by using SPSS and R language through the long-term follow-up of HIS system,and the risk factors were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression.Results During follow-up,24 cases developed cirrhosis and 12 cases developed liver cancer.The cumulative incidence of liver cirrhosis was 1.5%,2.1%,5.4%,11.6%and 15.5%in the 5-year,10-year,15-year,20-year and 25-year group,and 5.5%,9.8%,22.9%,29.0%and 52.1%in the elderly,respectively.The difference between the younger age group and senior age group was statistically significant(P<0.001).A total of 2 risk factors(age and follow-up time)were included in the regression model.Two cases in the younger group developed into liver cancer after 17 and 21 years of follow-up,respectively.The cumulative incidence rates at 5,10,15,20 and 25 years were 1.8%,3.8%,18.5%,21.8%and 26.7%.A total of five factors(initial age,HBV-DNA load,HBV-DNA turned negative before the end-point,follow-up time,and sex)were included in the regression model.Conclusions The incidence of cirrhosis and liver cancer in CHB patients aged≥40 years,especially in male patients,is significantly higher than younger CHB patients.Timely initiation of antiviral therapy can delay disease progression and reduce the incidence of termi-nal liver disease.Whether antiviral therapy should be initiated for people aged 30 to 40 years remains to be studied.

Objective To compare the clinical outcomes and retinal volume changes in patients with ischemic and non-ischemic macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO-ME)using optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA).Methods The clinical data of 34 ischemic BRVO-ME patients(34 eyes,ischemic group)and 21 non-ischemic BRVO-ME patients(21 eyes,non-ischemic group)were retrospectively analyzed.Patients in both groups re-ceived intravitreal injections of ranibizumab.The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and retinal volume of the macular ar-ea were assessed before,1 day,1 week,1 month,3 months and 6 months after the treatment.Results The BCVA(log-MAR)at 1 day after the treatment was 0.63±0.37 in the ischemic group and 0.44±0.22 in the non-ischemic group,and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.017).The retinal volumes of the outer retina,the full retina,and the Farafovea and Perifovea subdivisions of the full retina before the treatment were(6.42±1.90)mm3,(8.75±1.82)mm3,(3.20±0.87)mm3 and(5.10±0.89)mm3 in the ischemic group and(5.52±1.57)mm3,(7.83±1.56)mm3,(2.80± 0.71)mm3,and(4.66±0.77)mm3 in the non-ischemic group,respectively;1 day after treatment,they were(4.97± 1.18)mm3,(7.46±1.47)mm3,(2.62±0.60)mm3 and(4.53±0.80)mm3 in the ischemic group and(4.25±0.48)mm3,(6.58±0.56)mm3,(2.26±0.26)mm3 and(4.06±0.40)mm3 in the non-ischemic group,respectively;at 1 week after the treatment,they were(4.40±0.82)mm3,(6.90±0.85)mm3,(2.38±0.36)mm3 and(4.24±0.49)mm3 in the ischemic group and(4.04±0.35)mm3,(6.33±0.49)mm3,(2.15±0.19)mm3 and(3.95±0.35)mm3 in the non-ische-mic group,respectively,and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).The a-mount of retinal volume change from baseline in the outer retina and the full retina was(-2.48±2.38)mm3 and(-2.54±2.38)mm3 in the ischemic group,and(-1.31±1.58)mm3 and(-1.38±1.58)mm3 in the non-ischemic group at 1 month after treatment,respectively,and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant(both P＜0.05).Conclusion Ranibizumab is effective in treating both ischemic and non-ischemic BRVO-ME.The short-term visu-al prognosis is better in the non-ischemic group than the ischemic group,and the retinal volume is higher in the ischemic group than the non-ischemic group.However,no significant difference is observed in the visual prognosis or retinal volume between the two groups after long-term treatment.

AIM: To evaluate the binocular visual function in high myopia patients after the implantation of implantable collamer lens(ICL)V4c.METHODS: A total of 35 cases(70 eyes)that received binocular ICL implantation at our hospital from May 2019 to May 2021 were enrolled in this prospective study. Binocular full-range visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereopsis, mesopic vision and glare sensitivity, and monocular wavefront and the quality of vision questionnaire were assessed before the surgery and at 1 mo postoperatively.RESULTS: At 1 mo postoperatively, 35 cases(100%)had binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA)≤0.00(LogMAR), 16 cases(46%)had binocular UDVA≥preoperative corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA). Binocular UDVA and uncorrected intermediate visual acuity(UIVA,80 cm)were improved compared to preoperative CDVA and distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity(DCIVA,80 cm)(all P<0.05).While there were no differences in the binocular postoperative UIVA(60 cm)and preoperative DCIVA(60 cm),and uncorrected near visual acuity(UNVA,40 cm)and preoperative distance-corrected near visual acuity(DCNVA,40 cm)(all P>0.05). The binocular contrast sensitivity was significantly improved postoperatively(P=0.001), and the postoperative binocular mesopic vision, glare sensitivity(no glare/glare)and binocular stereopsis(5 m/40 cm)had no differences(all P>0.05). The postoperative total higher-order aberration, trefoil aberration, coma and spherical aberration were increased, besides the median of total coma in the right eye with a pupil diameter of 3.0 mm was decreased after surgery. The mean total score of quality of vision questionnaire was significantly increased from 54.87 preoperatively to 80.92 after implantation(P<0.05), with high satisfaction and no obvious visual disturbance in patients.CONCLUSION: Although the monocular high-order aberrations increased in the early stage after ICL V4c binocular implantation in patients with high myopia, the binocular visual function was improved.

Methods:A total of 392 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis were selected from the population of the epidemiological investigation project of allergic diseases in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. The project was led by Department of Allergy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, and assisted by Hohhot First Hospital from April to May 2023. The patients were randomly divided into a spleen aminopeptide group (296 cases) and control group (96 cases) at a ratio of 3∶1, and the enrollment period was from June 1 to 14, 2023. The treatment group was treated with spleen aminopeptide oral solution for 12 weeks starting from 4-6 weeks (±7 days) before the pollen dispersal period, while the control group was treated with a simulated agent of spleen aminopeptide oral solution. Both the treatment group and the control group were treated with oral antihistamines and/or nasal glucocorticoids as needed during the pollen dispersal period. Evaluate the therapeutic effect by comparing the symptom scores, drug scores and quality of life scores of the two groups, and detect the expression levels of cytokines in serum. Symptom scores, quality of life scores, drug scores and laboratory results were compared by independent sample t test/Kruskal-Wallis test and χ2 test/Fisher′s exact test. Results:Compared with the control group, spleen aminopeptide treatment for 12 weeks significantly improved symptoms of nasal congestion [ M( Q1, Q3):2(1, 2) vs. 2(1, 3), H=6.308, P<0.05], nasal itching [ M( Q1, Q3):2(1, 2) vs. 2(1, 3), H=4.966, P<0.05], sneezing [ M( Q1, Q3):2(1, 2) vs. 2(1, 3), H=5.245, P<0.05], runny nose [ M( Q1, Q3):2(1, 2) vs. 2(1, 3), H=5.41, P<0.05] and tearing [ M( Q1, Q3):1(0, 2) vs. 1(0, 3), H=4.664, P<0.05]. At 12 weeks of treatment, the scores of nasal symptoms and ocular symptoms in control group and experimental group were significantly increased compared with baseline ( P<0.05). In experimental group, nasal congestion [ M( Q1, Q3):1(0, 1) vs. 1(0, 2), H=4.042, P<0.05], eye itching/foreign body sensation/redness symptom scores [ M( Q1, Q3):1(0, 2) vs. 1(0, 2), H=5.302, P<0.05] and total scores [ M( Q1, Q3):4(-1, 9) vs. 5(0, 12.5), H=3.958, P<0.05] were significantly increased. The antihistamine drug score of the splenic peptide treatment group at 6 weeks were lower than that of the control group ( H=4.232, P<0.05). After 12 weeks of treatment, the antihistamine drug score [ M( Q1, Q3):10(0, 24) vs. 19(2, 36.5), H=6.67, P<0.05] and the total drug score [ M( Q1, Q3):28.5(5, 77.5) vs. 46(6, 155.5), H=3.995, P<0.05] were significantly lower than those of the control group. The serum IL-17A levels of the treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group after 6 weeks (0.7±1.77 vs. 0.85±1.67 ,H=10.08, P<0.05) and 12 weeks (0.81±1.63 vs. 0.94±1.73, H=5.196, P<0.05) of splenic aminopeptide treatment. Conclusions:Early treatment with spleen aminopeptide oral solution can significantly improve nasal and ocular symptoms of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, reduce the use of drugs during the onset period, and improve the quality of life. It may exert an immunomodulatory effect by reducing the expression level of IL-17A in the serum of patients.Objects:To conduct a study on the prevention and treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, evaluate the preventive and therapeutic effects of spleen aminopeptide oral solution on seasonal allergic rhinitis, and explore its related mechanisms.

Methods:A total of 392 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis were selected from the population of the epidemiological investigation project of allergic diseases in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. The project was led by Department of Allergy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, and assisted by Hohhot First Hospital from April to May 2023. The patients were randomly divided into a spleen aminopeptide group (296 cases) and control group (96 cases) at a ratio of 3∶1, and the enrollment period was from June 1 to 14, 2023. The treatment group was treated with spleen aminopeptide oral solution for 12 weeks starting from 4-6 weeks (±7 days) before the pollen dispersal period, while the control group was treated with a simulated agent of spleen aminopeptide oral solution. Both the treatment group and the control group were treated with oral antihistamines and/or nasal glucocorticoids as needed during the pollen dispersal period. Evaluate the therapeutic effect by comparing the symptom scores, drug scores and quality of life scores of the two groups, and detect the expression levels of cytokines in serum. Symptom scores, quality of life scores, drug scores and laboratory results were compared by independent sample t test/Kruskal-Wallis test and χ2 test/Fisher′s exact test. Results:Compared with the control group, spleen aminopeptide treatment for 12 weeks significantly improved symptoms of nasal congestion [ M( Q1, Q3):2(1, 2) vs. 2(1, 3), H=6.308, P<0.05], nasal itching [ M( Q1, Q3):2(1, 2) vs. 2(1, 3), H=4.966, P<0.05], sneezing [ M( Q1, Q3):2(1, 2) vs. 2(1, 3), H=5.245, P<0.05], runny nose [ M( Q1, Q3):2(1, 2) vs. 2(1, 3), H=5.41, P<0.05] and tearing [ M( Q1, Q3):1(0, 2) vs. 1(0, 3), H=4.664, P<0.05]. At 12 weeks of treatment, the scores of nasal symptoms and ocular symptoms in control group and experimental group were significantly increased compared with baseline ( P<0.05). In experimental group, nasal congestion [ M( Q1, Q3):1(0, 1) vs. 1(0, 2), H=4.042, P<0.05], eye itching/foreign body sensation/redness symptom scores [ M( Q1, Q3):1(0, 2) vs. 1(0, 2), H=5.302, P<0.05] and total scores [ M( Q1, Q3):4(-1, 9) vs. 5(0, 12.5), H=3.958, P<0.05] were significantly increased. The antihistamine drug score of the splenic peptide treatment group at 6 weeks were lower than that of the control group ( H=4.232, P<0.05). After 12 weeks of treatment, the antihistamine drug score [ M( Q1, Q3):10(0, 24) vs. 19(2, 36.5), H=6.67, P<0.05] and the total drug score [ M( Q1, Q3):28.5(5, 77.5) vs. 46(6, 155.5), H=3.995, P<0.05] were significantly lower than those of the control group. The serum IL-17A levels of the treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group after 6 weeks (0.7±1.77 vs. 0.85±1.67 ,H=10.08, P<0.05) and 12 weeks (0.81±1.63 vs. 0.94±1.73, H=5.196, P<0.05) of splenic aminopeptide treatment. Conclusions:Early treatment with spleen aminopeptide oral solution can significantly improve nasal and ocular symptoms of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, reduce the use of drugs during the onset period, and improve the quality of life. It may exert an immunomodulatory effect by reducing the expression level of IL-17A in the serum of patients.Objects:To conduct a study on the prevention and treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, evaluate the preventive and therapeutic effects of spleen aminopeptide oral solution on seasonal allergic rhinitis, and explore its related mechanisms.

Objective:To investigate the effects and mechanism of Jinlong Bushen Mixture against lipid metabolism disorders induced by high-sugar and high-fat diet in rats with metabolic syndrome by combining network pharmacology and experimental validation.Methods:TCMSP and related literature were retrieved to obtain the active components and targets of wolfberry, golden cherry, longan meat, jujube, gynostemma, rosmarinus officinalis, and motherwort in Jinlong Bushen Mixture, and GeneCards online database was retrieved to obtain metabolic syndrome-related targets. Venny 2.1.0 was used to obtain the intersection targets of Jinlong Bushen Mixture and metabolic syndrome, and STRING online STRING online database was used to construct the PPI network of intersecting targets. Core targets in the top 50 degree values were screened using the Cyto NCA plugin in Cytoscape 3.9.0. The DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.8 online analysis platform was used for GO functional enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Metabolic syndrome rat model was established using high sugar, high salt, and high fat feed for 20 weeks. The successfully modeling rats were divided into model groups, positive control group and Jinlong Bushen Mixture group according to random number table, and a blank control group was also set up, with 8 rats in each group. Jinlong Bushen Mixture group was gavaged with Jinlong Bushen Mixture 1.8 ml/kg, a positive control group was gavaged with Metformin 90 mg/kg, and the blank and model groups were gavaged with an equal volume of saline, 1 time/d, for 4 weeks. The changes in body weight, abdominal circumference, and fasting blood glucose in rats were observed. The blood lipid level in rats was detected. The pathological changes of liver tissues were detected by HE staining. The levels of ATP, IL-1β, and IL-6 in liver tissues were determined by ELISA. The mRNA expression of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), AMPK, Akt1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), and downregulated lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A) in liver tissue were detected by qRT-PCR. Western blot was used to determine the expression of p-LKB1, LKB1, p-AMPK, AMPK, p-Akt1, and Akt1 in liver tissue were detected by Western blotting.Results:A total of 141 main active components, 841 active targets, 18 763 metabolic syndrome targets, and 820 drug-disease intersection targets of Jinlong Bushen Mixture were obtained. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis yielded 173 entries, including mainly the PI3K-Akt, and HIF-1 signalling pathway. The experimental results showed that the weight, fasting blood glucose, and lipid levels of rats in the Jinlong Bushen mixture group decreased, and the disorder of liver glucose and lipid metabolism in rats improved; the levels of ATP, IL-1β and IL-6 decreased ( P<0.05); The mRNA expression of LKB1, AMPK, Akt1, and CPT1A in liver tissue increased ( P<0.05), while LDH-A mRNA expression decreased ( P<0.05). The p-LKB1/LKB1, p-AMPK/AMPK, and p-Akt1/Akt1 ratio increased ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Jinlong Bushen Mixture may restore lipid metabolism disorders in the metabolic syndrome through multiple targets and pathways. Its mechanism may exert pharmacological effects through the LKB1/AMPK/Akt signaling pathway.