Mycoplasma suis and M.parvum are epierythrocytic prokaryotes and causative agents of porcine eperythrozoonosis.Its infections in pigs from Hainan Island,China have not been previously reported.The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Mycoplasma spp.in pigs in Hainan Island,China.The study includes PCR amplification and sequencing using universal primers for 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes and further phylogenetic analysis.A total 593 samples were collected and tested for M.suis and M.parvum by end point PCR,real-time PCR and a kit based on immuno-chromatographic assay.The results showed that 6.4％ (15/233) pigs from Hainan Island,China were found positive with M.parvum.This study raises an interesting question regarding the probability of different endemic Mycoplasma species presence in the Island when compared to the Mainland China (Beijing,Guizhou and Fujian provinces with 2.1％ (2/95),0.4 ％ (1/218) and 4.2％ (2/47),respectively),where only M.suis has been found in this study.Out of three diagnostic tests we used here,we found that real-time PCR and immunochromatography are more sensitive than the end point PCR for detection of Mycoplasma spp.from pig blood samples.Our present study describes that M.parvum is present in pigs from Hainan.This raises a need for further studies to understand the economic importance,evolution and transmission of the species.

Bone provides mechanical support, and flexibility to the body as a structural frame work along with mineral storage, homeostasis, and blood pH regulation. The repair and/or replacement of injured or defective bone with healthy bone or bone substitute is a critical problem in orthopedic treatment. Recent advances in tissue engineering have shown promising results in developing bone material capable of substituting the conventional autogenic or allogenic bone transplants. In the present review, we have discussed natural and synthetic scaffold materials such as metal and metal alloys, ceramics, polymers, etc. which are widely being used along with their cellular counterparts such as stem cells in bone tissue engineering with their pros and cons.
Alloys ; Bone and Bones* ; Bone Substitutes ; Ceramics ; Homeostasis ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Miners ; Orthopedics ; Pliability ; Polymers ; Regenerative Medicine ; Stem Cells ; Tissue Engineering