Abstract Childhood and adolescent obesity results from the interplay of multiple factors, including genetic predisposition, lifestyle behaviors, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and socio-environmental influences. It not only leads to conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease but also increases the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. This article systematically reviews relevant literature retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, focusing on the definition, classification, diagnostic criteria, influencing factors, and intervention strategies for childhood and adolescent obesity. Family-based lifestyle interventions, including dietary modification, physical activity, screen time restriction, and sleep management, constitute the primary approaches for managing obesity in this population. Adjuvant measures include gut microbiota modulation, multidisciplinary comprehensive interventions, and the application of digital health technologies. Pharmacotherapy, surgical interventions, and traditional Chinese medicine treatments are indicated for obese children and adolescents with specific indications. The prevention and management of childhood and adolescent obesity require a shift from single-factor interventions to a comprehensive management model that integrates multifactorial, multi-level, and multidisciplinary strategies. Future directions may include exploring precise subtyping and individualized interventions based on multi-omics technologies, developing intelligent management platforms leveraging digital health technologies, and establishing a full-process management system encompassing early screening, risk warning, and tiered intervention to achieve effective prevention and control of childhood and adolescent obesity.

Objective To explore the effect of a multidisciplinary management program led by case managers on the tolerance to enteral nutrition,and the indicators for nutrition and inflammation in critically ill patients.Methods Fifty-one critically ill patients hospitalised in our hospital between January and June 2021 were assigned to a control group and another fifty-one critically ill patients hospitalised in our hospital between July and December 2021 were assigned to an observation group.The patients in control group received conventional nutritional support,while those in the observation group received the enteral nutrition managed with the case manager led multidisciplinary management program for 7 days.The tolerance to enteral nutrition,nutrition index and infection index were compared.Results One patient in the control group was withdrawn due to worsen conditions and another in the observation group was withdrawn as well because of incomplete medical data.It was found that the observation group was significantly better than the control group in the tolerance to enteral nutrition as well as the serum albumin,haemoglobin,white blood cells and C-reactive protein(all P<0.05).Conclusion The case manager led multidisciplinary management program is effective in the enhancement of tolerance to enteral nutrition and in the improvement of nutritional and inflammatory indicators in the critically ill patients.

Objective To evaluate the application and effects of mind map in nursing handover. Methods Two wards which had similar scale, environment, property and level of nursing were randomly chosen as the experimental group and the control group by tossing a coin in Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM Nankai Hospital, 28 nurses were selected in each group, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, control group takes routine handover, the experimental group takes handover by following the guidance of mind map. The mind map of clear mind were designned. The Chinese version of Handover Evaluation Scale was used to evaluate the effects of mind map in the nursing handover, the inpatients'satisfaction was compared between the experimental group and the control group after the application of min-d map. Results After3-month intervention, results showed that the score of handover evaluation scale in the experimental group were (31.39 ± 1.34) points, (19.57 ± 1.23) points, (17.61 ± 1.29) points, (68.57 ± 2.49) point, the score of handover evaluation scale in the control group were (26.71±1.24) points,(18.71±1.33) points,(16.68 ± 1.33) points, (62.11 ± 2.94) points, the difference was statistically significant(t=2.504-13.530, P<0.05);in the experimental group, the score of handover evaluation scale increased significantly than that before intervention, and the difference was statistically significant (t=-17.450--5.663, P<0.05);the inpatients′satisfaction in the experimental group was 98.89%(89/90), the control group was 90%(81/90) after intervention, and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=6.776, P<0.05); in the experimental group, the inpatients′satisfaction was better than that before intervention, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=4.211, P<0.05) .Conclusion:The application of mind map in the n-ursing handover can improve the level of nursing handover and the quality of nursing care, contributing to dveloping high quality of nursing service.