Introduction: Minimally invasive percutaneous osteosynthesis (MIPO) plating techniques have demonstrated good outcomes in the treatment of distal tibia fractures. Early arthritis and functional impairment may occur if length and rotation are not restored. This study aims to determine the incidence and severity of tibia malrotation following MIPO plating of isolated unilateral distal tibia fractures, defined as torsional difference of greater than 10° as compared to the contralateral limb and whether the degree of malrotation affects functional outcomes scores. Materials and methods: This was a level 2 prospective cohort study. All patients with fractures of the distal tibia who underwent surgical fixation with the exclusion of patients with polytrauma, neurovascular injuries or preexisting disabilities were recruited. Patients underwent MIPO plating followed by a post-operative Computed Tomography (CT) scan of bilateral lower limbs. AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score was recorded at six months and one year follow-up. Results: A total of 24 patients (28 to 83 years old) were recruited. Nineteen patients obtained CT scans. Nine of the 19 patients (47.3%) had tibia malrotation. The mean tibia malrotation angle was 10.3° (0° - 45°). The average AOFAS scores was 82.4 and 84.3 at 6 months and 1 year follow-up. Degree of CT malrotation was not significantly associated with AOFAS scores at 6 month (spearman rho -0.386) and 1 year (spearman rho -0.343). Conclusions: Tibia malrotation following MIPO plating of distal tibia fractures is common, with an incidence of 47.3% and an average malrotation angle of 10.3°. The degree of malrotation does not appear to have significant mid-term functional impact on the patient.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and satisfaction of an online global health education course for medical students in comparison with an in-person of the course and to assess students’ preferences regarding online methods of delivery. Methods: Second-year medical students enrolled in this course in 2019 (in-person) and 2020 (online). The attendance rate, satisfaction in the course evaluation survey, and academic achievement on the written final examination were utilized to compare the two different methods of course delivery. The medical students who took the online course were also asked about their preferences regarding the method of course delivery and the advantages and drawbacks of each method of online lectures. Results: There was no significant difference in the attendance rate and overall satisfaction between the two groups. The mean score on the written examination of the online course (84.1±19.6) showed comparable effects to the in-person course (78.0±18.3). The percentages of students who achieved high performance (55.5%) and the achieved minimum requirement (95.9%) were also maintained compared to the in-person course (14.6% and 93.6%, respectively). Medical students preferred the online course to the in-person course; in particular, they preferred prerecorded videos over live streaming online lectures. Conclusion The participation, satisfaction, and the academic achievement of the online course were comparable to those of the in-person course. However, the greatest drawback of the online course was the lack of interaction between peer learners. Therefore, diverse methods for online education should be considered to increase students’ sense of belonging to a learning community.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and satisfaction of an online global health education course for medical students in comparison with an in-person of the course and to assess students’ preferences regarding online methods of delivery. Methods: Second-year medical students enrolled in this course in 2019 (in-person) and 2020 (online). The attendance rate, satisfaction in the course evaluation survey, and academic achievement on the written final examination were utilized to compare the two different methods of course delivery. The medical students who took the online course were also asked about their preferences regarding the method of course delivery and the advantages and drawbacks of each method of online lectures. Results: There was no significant difference in the attendance rate and overall satisfaction between the two groups. The mean score on the written examination of the online course (84.1±19.6) showed comparable effects to the in-person course (78.0±18.3). The percentages of students who achieved high performance (55.5%) and the achieved minimum requirement (95.9%) were also maintained compared to the in-person course (14.6% and 93.6%, respectively). Medical students preferred the online course to the in-person course; in particular, they preferred prerecorded videos over live streaming online lectures. Conclusion The participation, satisfaction, and the academic achievement of the online course were comparable to those of the in-person course. However, the greatest drawback of the online course was the lack of interaction between peer learners. Therefore, diverse methods for online education should be considered to increase students’ sense of belonging to a learning community.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of motion-correction algorithm (MCA) in improving coronary artery image quality and measurement accuracy using an anthropomorphic dynamic heart phantom and 256-detector row computed tomography (CT) scanner. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An anthropomorphic dynamic heart phantom was scanned under a static condition and under heart rate (HR) simulation of 50–120 beats per minute (bpm), and the obtained images were reconstructed using conventional algorithm (CA) and MCA. We compared the subjective image quality of coronary arteries using a four-point scale (1, excellent; 2, good; 3, fair; 4, poor) and measurement accuracy using measurement errors of the minimal luminal diameter (MLD) and minimal luminal area (MLA). RESULTS: Compared with CA, MCA significantly improved the subjective image quality at HRs of 110 bpm (1.3 ± 0.3 vs. 1.9 ± 0.8, p = 0.003) and 120 bpm (1.7 ± 0.7 vs. 2.3 ± 0.6, p = 0.006). The measurement error of MLD significantly decreased on using MCA at 110 bpm (11.7 ± 5.9% vs. 18.4 ± 9.4%, p = 0.013) and 120 bpm (10.0 ± 7.3% vs. 25.0 ± 16.5%, p = 0.013). The measurement error of the MLA was also reduced using MCA at 110 bpm (19.2 ± 28.1% vs. 26.4 ± 21.6%, p = 0.028) and 120 bpm (17.9 ± 17.7% vs. 34.8 ± 19.6%, p = 0.018). CONCLUSION: Motion-correction algorithm can improve the coronary artery image quality and measurement accuracy at a high HR using an anthropomorphic dynamic heart phantom and 256-detector row CT scanner.
Coronary Vessels* ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Phenobarbital

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions from Stachys sieboldii Miq., and to examine its effect on the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) production and genomic DNA oxidation in HT-1080 cells.Methods: The ROS generation induced by H2O2 was measured by the dichlorofluorescein-diacetate assay. GSH levels were measured using a fluorescent method with mBBr. Genomic DNA oxidative damage was measured with levels of oxidative DNA induced by the reaction of ferritin with H2O2.Results: Then-hexane, 85％ aqueous methanol andn-butanol fractions (0.05 mg/mL concentrations) inhibited H2O2-induced ROS generation by 63％, 35％ and 45％, respectively. GSH levels were significantly increased in both acetone+methylene chloride and methanol extracts (P<0.05). Supplementation of cells withn-hexane significantly increased GSH levels at concentrations of 0.05 mg/mL (P<0.05). Both the acetone+methylene chloride and methanol extracts, as well as all fractions significantly inhibited oxidative DNA damage (P<0.05). Conclusions: These results indicate that cellular oxidation was inhibited by then-hexane fraction and this fraction may contain valuable active compounds.

This study aims to provide a systematical introduction of age-period-cohort (APC) analysis to South Korean readers who are unfamiliar with this method (we provide an extended version of this study in Korean). As health data in South Korea has substantially accumulated, population-level studies that explore long-term trends of health status and health inequalities and identify macrosocial determinants of the trends are needed. Analyzing long-term trends requires to discern independent effects of age, period, and cohort using APC analysis. Most existing health and aging literature have used cross-sectional or short-term available panel data to identify age or period effects ignoring cohort effects. This under-use of APC analysis may be attributed to the identification (ID) problem caused by the perfect linear dependency across age, period, and cohort. This study explores recently developed three APC models to address the ID problem and adequately estimate the effects of A-P-C: intrinsic estimator-APC models for tabular age by period data; hierarchical cross-classified random effects models for repeated cross-sectional data; and hierarchical APC-growth curve models for accelerated longitudinal panel data. An analytic exemplar for each model was provided. APC analysis may contribute to identifying biological, historical, and socioeconomic determinants in long-term trends of health status and health inequalities as well as examining Korean's aging trajectories and temporal trends of period and cohort effects. For designing effective health policies that improve Korean population's health and reduce health inequalities, it is essential to understand independent effects of the three temporal factors by using the innovative APC models.
Aging ; Cohort Effect ; Cohort Studies ; Health Policy ; Korea ; Methods ; Socioeconomic Factors

This study aims to provide a systematical introduction of age-period-cohort (APC) analysis to South Korean readers who are unfamiliar with this method (we provide an extended version of this study in Korean). As health data in South Korea has substantially accumulated, population-level studies that explore long-term trends of health status and health inequalities and identify macrosocial determinants of the trends are needed. Analyzing long-term trends requires to discern independent effects of age, period, and cohort using APC analysis. Most existing health and aging literature have used cross-sectional or short-term available panel data to identify age or period effects ignoring cohort effects. This under-use of APC analysis may be attributed to the identification (ID) problem caused by the perfect linear dependency across age, period, and cohort. This study explores recently developed three APC models to address the ID problem and adequately estimate the effects of A-P-C: intrinsic estimator-APC models for tabular age by period data; hierarchical cross-classified random effects models for repeated cross-sectional data; and hierarchical APC-growth curve models for accelerated longitudinal panel data. An analytic exemplar for each model was provided. APC analysis may contribute to identifying biological, historical, and socioeconomic determinants in long-term trends of health status and health inequalities as well as examining Korean's aging trajectories and temporal trends of period and cohort effects. For designing effective health policies that improve Korean population's health and reduce health inequalities, it is essential to understand independent effects of the three temporal factors by using the innovative APC models.
Aging ; Cohort Effect* ; Cohort Studies* ; Health Policy ; Korea ; Methods ; Socioeconomic Factors

Cosmetic lateral canthoplasty, in which the size of the eye is increased by extending the palpebral fissure and decreasing the degree of the eye slant, has become a prevalent procedure for East Asians. However, it is not uncommon for there to be complications or unfavorable results after the surgery. With this in mind, the authors have designed a surgical method to reduce complications in cosmetic lateral canthoplasty by preserving the lateral canthal angle. We discuss here the anatomy required for surgery, the surgical methods, and methods for reducing complications during cosmetic lateral canthoplasty.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; Lacrimal Apparatus ; Methods

Researchers have an ethical responsibility to report the results of research involving human subjects. Dissemination of results ensures that patient care is based on good science and that the field of medicine advances based on complete and accurate knowledge. However, current evidence suggests that publication is often neglected or substantially delayed, especially in the case of negative and inconclusive results. Researchers, editors and reviewers should value all high-quality research regardless of the conclusiveness of the results and ensure that all research involving human subjects is registered in a publicly accessible database.
Clinical Trials as Topic/*ethics ; *Ethics, Research ; Human Experimentation/*ethics ; Publishing/*ethics ; Republic of Korea ; *Research Report ; Research Subjects

No abstract available.
Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Cross Infection/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data ; Global Health/*trends ; Humans ; Incidence ; Population Surveillance/methods ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology