Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health challenge. In addition to antibiotic selection pressure, insecticides have attracted increasing attention as widely used non-antibiotic chemicals that may contribute to the emergence and dissemination of bacterial resistance in the environment. This review focused on common insecticides, including organophosphorus insecticides, pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids, and summarized current evidence on their effects on the emergence of AMR, and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Existing studies suggest that exposure to certain insecticides may reduce bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics and is associated with the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, enrichment of ARGs, co-enrichment of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and enhanced horizontal gene transfer. Potential mechanisms include changes in antibiotic target-related pathways, decreased membrane permeability, activation of efflux pumps, and enzymatic modification or degradation of antibiotics. The dissemination of ARGs may also be promoted through reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, activation of the SOS response, altered cell membrane permeability, changes in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) synthesis, altered energy metabolism, and regulation of transfer-related genes. Overall, insecticides may act as non-antibiotic selective pressures involved in the evolution and dissemination of bacterial resistance. However, current evidence is still largely derived from laboratory exposure experiments and cross-sectional investigations, and differences among compounds, and long-term risks under real environmental conditions require further clarified. This review may help improve understanding of the environmental health implications of insecticide-associated bacterial resistance and inform risk assessment and prevention strategies for AMR in environmental settings.

Persistently high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the indispensable factors of cervical cancer, which is the secondly most common cancer of women in developing countries. Nowadays HPV DNA detection has been more frequently used in cervical cancer initial screening. However, the specificity and sensitivity of HPV DNA detection are low and the triage of HPV positive women is necessary to identify the authentically high-risk population, and avoid the waste of health care resource and excessive treatment. There are different advantages and disadvantages in triage methods including the cytology, HPV DNA genotype, HPV mRNA detection and biological markers such as p16/Ki-67, respectively. Here we briefly describe and evaluate each triage method.