Malignant tumors are one of the major diseases that endanger human life and health. Chinese medicine has unique advantages in clinical anti-tumor treatment. However， how to translate the anti-tumor effects of Chinese medicine into clinical practice is the core issue that must be addressed in the process of treating malignant tumors with traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. Unlike modern chemical drugs， the compatibility application of Chinese medicine is the key factor that determines whether Chinese medicine can achieve optimal anti-tumor efficacy and realize the goal of "enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity". The formulation structure based on this compatibility is the basic form for the safe， efficient， and rational clinical use of anti-tumor Chinese medicine， and it mainly includes three categories： herb pairs， tri-herbal combinations， and compound compatibility. Although herb pairs have the characteristics of a simple structure and strong targeting （enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity）， they often have a single effect and cannot fully address the complex pathogenesis of tumors. As a result， herb pairs are rarely used alone in practice. Compared to herb pairs， tri-herbal combinations broaden the application scope of herbs in clinical treatment， but their therapeutic range remains limited. The traditional "sovereign， minister， assistant， and guide" compound prescription， which includes herb pairs and tri-herbal combinations， improves the efficacy of herbs in treating serious diseases， hypochondriasis， chronic diseases， and miscellaneous disorders. However， due to the limitations of its historical background， it has not been integrated with modern clinical practice and modern pharmacological research， which restricts the development of compound compatibility theory. With the emergence of modern medical technology， it has been combined with traditional compatibility theory of Chinese medicine to create an innovative modern compatibility theory. This includes the "aid medicine" theory derived from modern Chinese medicine pharmacology， which compensates for the inability of the "sovereign， minister， assistant， and guide" theory to accurately apply medicine. Additionally， the "state-targeted treatment based on syndrome differentiation" theory， developed from pharmacology and modern medicine， addresses the deficiency in disease cognition in the "sovereign， minister， assistant， and guide" theory. Under the guidance of these compatibility forms and theories， clinical anti-tumor Chinese medicine can exert its maximum anti-tumor efficacy， which is of great significance for the application of Chinese medicine in clinical tumor treatment.

Ulcerative colitis （UC）， a chronic， non-specific inflammatory bowel disease with typical symptoms such as abdominal pain， diarrhea， and bloody stools， demonstrates a high relapse rate and difficulty in curing. Sishenwan， first recorded in Internal Medicine Abstract （Nei Ke Zhai Yao）， are a classic prescription for treating diarrhea caused by deficiency of the spleen and kidney Yang. The core therapeutic principle of Sishenwan is warming and tonifying the spleen and kidney， and astringing the intestine and stopping diarrhea. In recent years， Sishenwan have demonstrated distinct advantages in the clinical treatment of UC. The pathogenesis of UC involves multiple factors， including immune dysregulation and gut microbiota imbalance. Although Western medicine is effective in the short term， its side effects， high relapse rate， and resistance associated with long-term use pose substantial challenges. Sishenwan have shown excellent clinical outcomes in the treatment of UC due to deficiency of the spleen and kidney Yang. Modern clinical studies indicate that Sishenwan， used alone or in combination with Western medicine or other Chinese medicine compound prescriptions， significantly improve the clinical efficacy in treating UC due to deficiency of the spleen and kidney Yang. Sishenwan effectively alleviate core symptoms such as mucus， pus， and blood in stools， and persistent abdominal pain， reduce Mayo scores and the relapse rate， and improve patients' quality of life. Research on the material basis reveals that Sishenwan contain multiple active ingredients such as psoralen， isopsoralen， and evodiamine. Mechanism studies indicate that Sishenwan inhibit the inflammatory cascade reactions by regulating the signal network through multiple targets. Sishenwan regulate cellular immunity and restore intestinal immune homeostasis. At the microecological level， Sishenwan promote the intestinal barrier repair through the "microbiota-metabolism-immunity" axis. The current research still needs to be deepened in aspects such as the mining of specific biomarkers for syndromes and the exploration of the collaborative mechanism of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. In the future， a full-chain system covering syndrome differentiation， targeting， and monitoring needs to be constructed for promoting the paradigm transformation of Sishenwan into precision drugs. This review systematically explains the treatment mechanism of Sishenwan regarding the combination of disease and syndrome and its multi-target regulatory characteristics， providing a theoretical basis and transformation direction for the treatment of UC with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine.

Ulcerative colitis （UC）， a chronic， non-specific inflammatory bowel disease with typical symptoms such as abdominal pain， diarrhea， and bloody stools， demonstrates a high relapse rate and difficulty in curing. Sishenwan， first recorded in Internal Medicine Abstract （Nei Ke Zhai Yao）， are a classic prescription for treating diarrhea caused by deficiency of the spleen and kidney Yang. The core therapeutic principle of Sishenwan is warming and tonifying the spleen and kidney， and astringing the intestine and stopping diarrhea. In recent years， Sishenwan have demonstrated distinct advantages in the clinical treatment of UC. The pathogenesis of UC involves multiple factors， including immune dysregulation and gut microbiota imbalance. Although Western medicine is effective in the short term， its side effects， high relapse rate， and resistance associated with long-term use pose substantial challenges. Sishenwan have shown excellent clinical outcomes in the treatment of UC due to deficiency of the spleen and kidney Yang. Modern clinical studies indicate that Sishenwan， used alone or in combination with Western medicine or other Chinese medicine compound prescriptions， significantly improve the clinical efficacy in treating UC due to deficiency of the spleen and kidney Yang. Sishenwan effectively alleviate core symptoms such as mucus， pus， and blood in stools， and persistent abdominal pain， reduce Mayo scores and the relapse rate， and improve patients' quality of life. Research on the material basis reveals that Sishenwan contain multiple active ingredients such as psoralen， isopsoralen， and evodiamine. Mechanism studies indicate that Sishenwan inhibit the inflammatory cascade reactions by regulating the signal network through multiple targets. Sishenwan regulate cellular immunity and restore intestinal immune homeostasis. At the microecological level， Sishenwan promote the intestinal barrier repair through the "microbiota-metabolism-immunity" axis. The current research still needs to be deepened in aspects such as the mining of specific biomarkers for syndromes and the exploration of the collaborative mechanism of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. In the future， a full-chain system covering syndrome differentiation， targeting， and monitoring needs to be constructed for promoting the paradigm transformation of Sishenwan into precision drugs. This review systematically explains the treatment mechanism of Sishenwan regarding the combination of disease and syndrome and its multi-target regulatory characteristics， providing a theoretical basis and transformation direction for the treatment of UC with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine.

Azvudine and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) are recommended for COVID-19 treatment in China, but their safety and efficacy in the elderly population are not fully known. In this multicenter, retrospective, cohort study, we identified 5131 elderly hospitalized COVID-19 patients from 32,864 COVID-19 patients admitted to nine hospitals in Henan Province, China, from December 5, 2022, to January 31, 2023. The primary outcome was all-cause death, and the secondary outcome was composite disease progression. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to control for confounding factors, including demographics, vaccination status, comorbidities, and laboratory tests. After 2:1 PSM, 1786 elderly patients receiving azvudine and 893 elderly patients receiving Paxlovid were included. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses revealed that compared with Paxlovid group, azvudine could significantly reduce the risk of all-cause death (log-rank P = 0.002; HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.573-0.883, P = 0.002), but there was no difference in composite disease progression (log-rank P = 0.52; HR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.877-1.260, P = 0.588). Four sensitivity analyses verified the robustness of above results. Subgroup analysis suggested that a greater benefit of azvudine over Paxlovid was observed in elderly patients with primary malignant tumors (P for interaction = 0.005, HR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.18-0.57) compared to patients without primary malignant tumors. Safety analysis revealed that azvudine treatment had a lower incidence of adverse events and higher lymphocyte levels than Paxlovid treatment. In conclusion, azvudine treatment is not inferior to Paxlovid treatment in terms of all-cause death, composite disease progression and adverse events in elderly hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Caveolin-1(CAV1)is a structural protein of caveolae on the plasma membrane and is an important regulatory factor for liver function.CAV1 regulates hepatic lipid deposition,lipid and glucose metabolism,mitochondrial function,and hepatocyte proliferation through various molecular pathways.Therefore,CAV1 plays a crucial role in maintaining liver physiology during the metabolic regulatory processes such as hepatic steatosis and hepatocyte proliferation.Furthermore,CAV1 is also involved in the development and progression of different types of liver injury,hepatitis,and liver cirrhosis.This article reviews the role of CAV1 in liver-related diseases and its mechanism in the regulation of liver macrophages,so as to provide a theoretical basis for targeting CAV1 in the treatment of liver-related diseases.

Objective To explore the potential categories and influencing factors of the fear of progression in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD).Methods IBD patients who received inpatient treatment in a tertiary hospital in Nanjing from July 2022 to July 2023 were selected as the study subjects by convenience sampling method.The General Demographic Information Questionnaire,the Chinese version of the Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form(FoP-Q-SF),the Chinese version of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Self-efficacy Scale(IBD-SES),and Social Support Rating Scale(SSRS)were administered to the participants.We applied one-way ANOVA and Logistic regression analysis to identify the factors associated with the potential categories of the fear of progression.Results A total of 303 retumed questionnaires(out of the 310)were valid,resulting an effective response rate of 97.74％.According to the results of latent profile analysis,we classified the respondents into 3 categories by the fear of progression,namely"low risk fear of disease adaptation group"(n=127,41.91％),"medium risk fear of illness distress group"(n=139,45.88％),"high risk fear of dysfunction group"(n=37,12.21％).3 groups showed statistically significant differences in permanent address,self-rated financial pressure,current disease status and self-efficacy(P＜0.05).Conclusion Patients with IBD had obvious differences in characteristics on the fear of progression.Nursing personnel should formulate personalized intervention strategies based on the classification characteristics of the fear of progression of IBD patients.Moreover,nurses should focus on improving patients'self-efficacy and promoting patients to treat medical care,stress and emotion management correctly.

Objective:To investigate respiratory virus infection in children with septic shock in pediatric care units (PICU) in China and its influence on clinical outcomes.Methods:The clinical data of children with septic shock in children′s PICU from January 2018 to December 2019 in 10 Chinese hospitals were retrospectively collected. They were divided into the pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 groups according to the onset of disease, and the characteristics and composition of respiratory virus in the 2 groups were compared. Matching age, malignant underlying diseases, bacteria, fungi and other viruses, a new database was generated using 1∶1 propensity score matching method. The children were divided into the respiratory virus group and non-respiratory virus group according to the presence or absence of respiratory virus infection; their clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment were compared by t-test, rank sum test and Chi-square test. The correlation between respiratory virus infection and the clinical outcomes was analyzed by logistic regression. Results:A total of 1 247 children with septic shock were included in the study, of them 748 were male; the age was 37 (11, 105) months. In the pre-and post-COVID-19 groups, there were 530 and 717 cases of septic shock, respectively; the positive rate of respiratory virus was 14.9% (79 cases) and 9.8% (70 cases); the seasonal distribution of septic shock was 28.9% (153/530) and 25.9% (185/717) in autumn, and 30.3% (161/530) and 28.3% (203/717) in winter, respectively, and the corresponding positive rates of respiratory viruses were 19.6% (30/153) and 15.7% (29/185) in autumn, and 21.1% (34/161) and 15.3% (31/203) in winter, respectively. The positive rates of influenza virus and adenovirus in the post-COVID-19 group were lower than those in the pre-COVID-19 group (2.1% (15/717) vs. 7.5% (40/530), and 0.7% (5/717) vs. 3.2% (17/530), χ2=21.51 and 11.08, respectively; all P<0.05). Rhinovirus virus were higher than those in the pre-Covid-19 group (1.7% (12/717) vs. 0.2% (1/530), χ2=6.51, P=0.011). After propensity score matching, there were 147 cases in both the respiratory virus group and the non-respiratory virus group. Rate of respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress, rate of disseminated coagulation dysfunction, and immunoglobulin usage of the respiratory virus group were higher than those of non-respiratory virus group (77.6% (114/147) vs. 59.2% (87/147), 17.7% (26/147) vs. 4.1% (6/147), 15.6% (25/147) vs. 4.1% (7/147), and 35.4% (52/147) vs. 21.4% (32/147); χ2=11.07, 14.02, 11.06 and 6.67, all P<0.05); and PICU hospitalization of the former was longer than that of the later (7 (3, 16) vs. 3 (1, 7)d, Z=5.01, P<0.001). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of respiratory viral infection was associated with respiratory failure, disseminated coagulation dysfunction, the use of mechanical ventilation, and the use of immunoglobulin and anti-respiratory viral drugs ( OR=2.42, 0.22, 0.25, 0.56 and 1.12, all P<0.05). Conclusions:The composition of respiratory virus infection in children with septic shock is different between pre and post-COVID-19. Respiratory viral infection is associated with organ dysfunction in children with septic shock. Decreasing respiratory viral infection through respiratory protection may improve the clinical outcome of these children.

Objective:To investigate the clinical features, pathogen composition, and prognosis of septic shock in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) in China.Methods:A multicenter retrospective cohort study. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of children with septic shock from 10 hospitals in China between January 2018 and December 2021. The clinical features, pathogen composition, and outcomes were collected. Patients were categorized into malignant tumor and non-malignant tumor groups, as well as survival and mortality groups. T test, Mann Whitney U test or Chi square test were used respectively for comparing clinical characteristics and prognosis between 2 groups. Multiple Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for mortality. Results:A total of 1 247 children with septic shock were included, with 748 males (59.9%) and the age of 3.1 (0.9, 8.8) years. The in-patient mortality rate was 23.2% (289 cases). The overall pathogen positive rate was 68.2% (851 cases), with 1 229 pathogens identified. Bacterial accounted for 61.4% (754 strains) and virus for 24.8% (305 strains). Among all bacterium, Gram negative bacteria constituted 64.2% (484 strains), with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter being the most common; Gram positive bacteria comprised 35.8% (270 strains), primarily Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. Influenza virus (86 strains (28.2%)), Epstein-Barr virus (53 strains (17.4%)), and respiratory syncytial virus (46 strains (17.1%)) were the top three viruses. Children with malignant tumors were older and had higher pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) Ⅲ score, paediatric sequential organ failure assessment (pSOFA) score (7.9 (4.3, 11.8) vs. 2.3 (0.8, 7.5) years old, 22 (16, 26) vs. 16 (10, 24) points, 10 (5, 14) vs. 8 (4, 12) points, Z=11.32, 0.87, 4.00, all P<0.05), and higher pathogen positive rate, and in-hospital mortality (77.7% (240/309) vs. 65.1% (611/938), 29.7% (92/309) vs. 21.0% (197/938), χ2=16.84, 10.04, both P<0.05) compared to the non-tumor group. In the death group, the score of PRISM Ⅲ, pSOFA (16 (22, 29) vs. 14 (10, 20) points, 8 (12, 15) vs. 6 (3, 9) points, Z=4.92, 11.88, both P<0.05) were all higher, and presence of neoplastic disease, positive rate of pathogen and proportion of invasive mechanical ventilation in death group were also all higher than those in survival group (29.7% (87/289) vs. 23.2% (222/958), 77.8% (225/289) vs. 65.4% (626/958), 73.7% (213/289) vs. 50.6% (485/958), χ2=5.72, 16.03, 49.98, all P<0.05). Multiple Logistic regression showed that PRISM Ⅲ, pSOFA, and malignant tumor were the independent risk factors for mortality ( OR=1.04, 1.09, 0.67, 95% CI 1.01-1.05, 1.04-1.12, 0.47-0.94, all P<0.05). Conclusions:Bacterial infection are predominant in pediatric septic shock, but viral infection are also significant. Children with malignancies are more severe and resource consumptive. The overall mortality rate for pediatric septic shock remains high, and mortality are associated with malignant tumor, PRISM Ⅲ and pSOFA scores.

This experiment aims to investigate the effects of a dietary supplement of herbal tea resi-due on white feather broilers in the prospectives of growth performance,serum indexes and intesti-nal immune indexes.A total of 280 1-day-old white feather broilers with similar body mass and good health were randomly divided into 4 groups with 5 replicates per group and 14 birds per repli-cate.Group Ⅰ(control group)was fed a basal diet.Groups Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ were fed a diet supple-mented with 2％,4％and 6％herbal tea residue powder,respectively.The feeding lasted for 49 days,and was divided into 2 phases from 1 to 21 days of age and 22 to 49 days of age.Blood,tissue and mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum were collected on 21 d and 49 d.Total cholesterol(T-CHO),triglyceride(TG),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and alanine amin-otransferase(ALT)in the serum were examined.The villus height and crypt depth of the jejunum were observed and measured by morphology.The mRNA expression levels of intestinal interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-2(IL-2),interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-10(IL-10)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)were determined by qPCR.The results showed that compared with group Ⅰ,the mass of group Ⅲ on 21 d and 49 d significantly increased(P＜0.05).The average daily feed intake of 22-49 d and 1-49 d significantly increased(P＜0.05).The average daily mass gain of 1-21 d,22-49 d and 1-49 d significantly increased(P＜0.05).In the serum of 21 d,compared with group Ⅰ,T-CHO in group Ⅱ significantly decreased(P＜0.05).TG in groups Ⅱ,m and Ⅳ significantly de-creased(P＜0.05).LDL-C and AST activity in group Ⅳ significantly decreased(P＜0.05).In the serum of 49 d,T-CHO in group Ⅲ,LDL-C in group Ⅳ,HDL-C of groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the ALT activity of these two groups decreased(P＜0.05).AST activity in group Ⅱ significantly decreased(P＜0.05).In the duodenum of 21 d,compared with group Ⅰ,the expressions of TNF-α in group Ⅱ was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).In the duodenum of 49 d,the expression of IL-10 in group Ⅱ was significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the expression of IL-2 in groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).In the jejunum of 49 d,the ex-pression of IL-10 in group Ⅱ was increased(P＜0.05),and the expression of IL-2 in groups Ⅲand Ⅳ was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).In conclusion,dietary herbal tea residue can regulate circulating lipid level and enhance intestinal immunity of white feather broilers without affecting their normal growth performance.This experiment also suggested that the a 2％-4％supplementa-tion of herbal tea residues to white feather broilers was of good effect.

The study adopted muscle injection of pVAX1-SP-GHRH(1-44)expression plasmid and electrostimulation to determine its effects on mouse growth and sow production performance.One hundred and fifty four-week-old C57 BL/6 female mice were randomly divided into 6 groups of 5 replicates each.Muscle single-injection followed by electrostimulation was performed.The con-trol group received an empty plasmid injection(80 μg/kg),while the treatment groups received pVAX1-SP-GHRH(1-44)plasmid injections(20,40,80,120,160 μg/kg).Twenty healthy preg-nant sows were randomly divided into 2 groups,each with 10 sows.Electrostimulation treatment was applied to the semimembranosus muscle of the pregnant sows after a single injection.The con-trol group received physiological saline injection,while the plasmid group received a 2 mg pVAX1-SP-GHRH(1-44)expression plasmid injection.Mouse weight,feed intake,and serum GHRH and IGF-1 levels were measured at days 0,7,14,21,and 28 after injection.Pregnant sows were bled via the tail vein at days 0,14,28,and 42 after injection,and their serum was separated to measure serum GHRH and IGF-1 levels.The birth weight,placental weight,number of piglets born,number of healthy piglets,number of weak piglets,number of deformed piglets,number of stillborn piglets,and number of mummified piglets were recorded at day 14.The mouse study re-sults showed that muscle injection of pVAX1-SP-GHRH(1-44)plasmid followed by electrostim-ulation could promote mouse feeding and increase weight gain(P＜0.05),significantly increase mouse serum GHRH and IGF-1 levels(P＜0.05),and maintain its effects until day 21.The results of the pregnant sow study showed that the average birth weight of the piglets in the plasmid group was significantly increased(P＜0.01),and the placenta weight was significantly increased(P＜0.05).The serum GHRH and IGF-1 concentrations in the plasmid group sows were significantly increased(P＜0.01).The study results showed that muscle injection of pVAX1-SP-GHRH(1-44)expression plasmid followed by electrostimulation could promote mouse feeding and increase weight gain,and also significantly improve the average birth weight and placental weight of the piglets in pregnant sows.