Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)provides blood circulation with assisted breathing for patients with severe cardiopulmonary failure,and buys valuable time for the rescue of critical patients.However,extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is often associated with serious complications.Small animal models have the advantages of low price,wide source,high flexibility and good reproducibility,and are an effective platform for evaluating strategies for prevention and treatment of ECMO complications.In recent years,more and more experimental studies have been conducted using small animal ECMO models.In this paper,the current status of the construction and application of small animal ECMO models at home and abroad is summarized,in order to optimize the related strategies of small animal ECMO model construction and promote the application and development of small animal ECMO models.

Objective:To explore the effect of staged pressure therapy, in addition to rehabilitation training, on scar hyperplasia and motor function after a deep hand burn.Methods:Sixty patients with deep hand burns were randomly divided into a control group ( n=30) and an observation group ( n=30). In addition to specialized burn treatment and early rehabilitation training, the control group was given routine pressure treatment, while the observation group was provided with staged pressure therapy for 6 months. Before the treatment and after 3 and 6 months of treatment, scar hyperplasia and hand function in both groups was evaluated using the Vancouver scar scale (VSS), grip strength and pinch strength tests, and the Jebsen hand function test (JHFT). Total active motion (TAM) and total passive motion (TPM) of the finger joints was quantified, and any complications during the treatment were recorded. Results:After 3 and 6 months of the treatment, all of the observations in both groups had improved significantly, but the improvements were significantly better among the treatment group, on average.Conclusions:Staged pressure therapy can more effectively inhibit scar hyperplasia after a deep hand burn. In conjunction with rehabilitation training, it better improves the mobility of the finger joints, hand muscle strength and the recovery of hand function. It is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Objective:To explore the effect of staged pressure therapy, in addition to rehabilitation training, on scar hyperplasia and motor function after a deep hand burn.Methods:Sixty patients with deep hand burns were randomly divided into a control group ( n=30) and an observation group ( n=30). In addition to specialized burn treatment and early rehabilitation training, the control group was given routine pressure treatment, while the observation group was provided with staged pressure therapy for 6 months. Before the treatment and after 3 and 6 months of treatment, scar hyperplasia and hand function in both groups was evaluated using the Vancouver scar scale (VSS), grip strength and pinch strength tests, and the Jebsen hand function test (JHFT). Total active motion (TAM) and total passive motion (TPM) of the finger joints was quantified, and any complications during the treatment were recorded. Results:After 3 and 6 months of the treatment, all of the observations in both groups had improved significantly, but the improvements were significantly better among the treatment group, on average.Conclusions:Staged pressure therapy can more effectively inhibit scar hyperplasia after a deep hand burn. In conjunction with rehabilitation training, it better improves the mobility of the finger joints, hand muscle strength and the recovery of hand function. It is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)provides blood circulation with assisted breathing for patients with severe cardiopulmonary failure,and buys valuable time for the rescue of critical patients.However,extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is often associated with serious complications.Small animal models have the advantages of low price,wide source,high flexibility and good reproducibility,and are an effective platform for evaluating strategies for prevention and treatment of ECMO complications.In recent years,more and more experimental studies have been conducted using small animal ECMO models.In this paper,the current status of the construction and application of small animal ECMO models at home and abroad is summarized,in order to optimize the related strategies of small animal ECMO model construction and promote the application and development of small animal ECMO models.

ObjectiveTo determine the influence of COVID-19 prevention and control on the epidemic characteristics and dynamics of notifiable infectious diseases in the first quarters， Zhejiang Province， and to explore more effective countermeasures against infectious diseases. MethodsDescriptive epidemiology was conducted to determine the change in notifiable infectious diseases during the prevention and control of COVID-19 in Zhejiang Province by retrieving the data of notifiable infectious diseases from 2017 to 2022 in the Chinese information system for disease control and prevention. Cumulative reported new cases of notifiable infectious diseases in the first quarters of 2017‒2019 were compared with that of 2020‒2022. ResultsA total of 546 753 cases of notifiable infectious diseases were newly reported in the first quarters of 2017‒2019， with an average incidence of 321.92/10⁵. In contrast， a total of 509 908 cases of notifiable infectious diseases were newly reported in the first quarters of 2020‒2022， during which the COVID-19 epidemic occurred， with an average incidence of 270.39/10⁵. The incidence in 2020‒2022 significantly declined by 51.53/10⁵， compared with that in 2017‒2019 （χ²=8 072.06， P<0.001）. In the first quarters of 2020‒2022， the average incidence of zoonotic diseases and vector-borne diseases decreased by more than 50%. In addition， the incidence of respiratory， enteric， blood-borne， and sexually transmitted diseases declined to certain degree. ConclusionThe decline in the newly reported cases of non-COVID-19 notifiable infectious diseases in the first quarters of 2020‒2022 indicates that the countermeasures against COVID-19 epidemic， such as multi-disease co-prevention， multi-sectoral collaboration， societal mobilization and personal hygiene and protection， may also decrease the incidence of multiple infectious diseases. It suggests the countermeasures are effective， which would provide evidence for routine prevention and control of infectious diseases in future.

The CRISPR/Cas systems comprising the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and its associated Cas protein is an acquired immune system unique to archaea or bacteria. Since its development as a gene editing tool, it has rapidly become a popular research direction in the field of synthetic biology due to its advantages of high efficiency, precision, and versatility. This technique has since revolutionized the research of many fields including life sciences, bioengineering technology, food science, and crop breeding. Currently, the single gene editing and regulation techniques based on CRISPR/Cas systems have been increasingly improved, but challenges still exist in the multiplex gene editing and regulation. This review focuses on the development and application of multiplex gene editing and regulation techniques based on the CRISPR/Cas systems, and summarizes the techniques for multiplex gene editing or regulation within a single cell or within a cell population. This includes the multiplex gene editing techniques developed based on the CRISPR/Cas systems with double-strand breaks; or with single-strand breaks; or with multiple gene regulation techniques, etc. These works have enriched the tools for the multiplex gene editing and regulation and contributed to the application of CRISPR/Cas systems in the multiple fields.
Gene Editing ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics* ; Bacteria/genetics* ; Archaea ; Bioengineering

Upper respiratory tract is directly connected with the external environment， and its natural immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens. In antiviral infection， interferon （IFN） is the main component of the antiviral natural immune system and IFN-λ is a newly discovered immune effector molecule that is mainly produced in the mucosal barrier. IFN-λ exerts a biological role through Janus kinase （JAK） and signal transducer and activator of transcription （STAT） signaling pathway， and plays an important part in regulating innate and acquired immunity of respiratory mucosa. IFN-λ principally expresses on the mucosal barrier with a long-lasting antiviral impact and controls immune-inflammatory damage， which is becoming a new focus of antiviral immunity research in the upper respiratory tract， especially in fighting against 2019 novel coronavirus diseases （COVID-19）. Thus， we summarize the research progress of IFN-λ antiviral immunity in the upper respiratory tract to provide new insight in the prevention and treatment of viral infection in the upper respiratory tract.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels and white matter high signal and non-dementia vascular cognitive dysfunction in patients with cerebral small vascular disease (CSVD).Methods:Total 106 patients with CSVD who were admitted to the Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College from April 2019 to December 2020 were enrolled.They were divided into vascular cognitive impairment no dementia group (VCIND group, n=47) and no vascular cognitive impairment group (N-VCI group, n=59)according to mini-mental assessment scale (MMSE), Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) scale and activity of daily living scale (ADL). Serum VEGF levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The baseline data, serum VEGF levels, MoCA score and Fazekas score were compared between the two groups.The correlation between serum VEGF level and white matter high signal and cognitive function was analyzed.SPSS 19.0 software was used for data processing.The statistical methods were t-test, Chi square test, nonparametric test, Logistic regression analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and Spearman correlation analysis. Results:There were significant differences in serum VEGF level((464.18±114.58)pg/mL, (414.17±45.80)pg/mL, F=22.880), MoCA score((13.07±6.48), (20.17±4.06), F=17.920) and Fazekas score (4(3, 5), 3(1, 3), Z=-4.189)between the two groups (all P<0.05). The level of VEGF( β=0.008, OR=1.008, 95% CI=1.001-1.015, P<0.05) was the influencing factor of cognitive function in patients with CSVD .The level of VEGF was negatively correlated with the total score of MoCA, attention and calculation power, and orientation ability ( r=-0.345, -0.373, -0.445, all P<0.05) and it was positively correlated with the total Fazekas score and the Fazekas score of paraventricular and deep white matter ( r=0.392, 0.495, 0.302, all P<0.05). There was a linear trend between the high signal grade of paraventricular and deep white matter and VCIND (both P<0.05). Conclusion:Serum VEGF level is correlated with cognitive function and white matter hyperintensity in patients with CSVD.The increase of VEGF level may be a factor reflecting cognitive dysfunction.In addition, with the increase of white matter hyperintensity level, the risk of VCIND in CSVD is increased.

Corona virus disease 2019 （COVID-19） has led to more than 500 million cases， including 6.19 million deaths. Mutated strains of SARS-CoV-2 （alpha， beta， gamma， delta and omicron） have successively emerged. Currently the omicron variant is gradually replacing the delta variant， driving a surge of cases in most countries including China， posing a great challenge to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. In the face of the severe pandemic situation， a large number of non-medical volunteers are fighting on the front lines of the war against the pandemic and are vulnerable to exposure due to lack of professional knowledge. This paper introduces the routine skills training of volunteers and emergency response， aiming to provide behavioral guidance for non-medical volunteers in designated isolation facilities.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics of distribution and drug resistance of urinary bacteria in the mid-stream urine of patients with infectious stones.Methods:The retrospective study analyzed the clinical data of 254 patients with infectious stones in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from September 2016 to September 2018. All patients were treated with PCNL. Overall, there were 101 male and 153 female patients, with the mean age of(51.5±12.3) years, and the mean stone burden of 1443.5(660.8, 2837.5) mm2. There were 58 (22.8%) patients with hypertension, 17(6.7%) patients with diabetes and 195(76.8%)with hydronephrosis. The mid-stream urine samples were obtained for bacterial culture and susceptibility test, and the results of urine culture and antimicrobial susceptibility were recorded and analyzed.Results:Of 254 patients involved in this study, 89(35.0%) were positive and 165 (65.0%) were negative for urinary bacterial culture of the mid-stream. The proportion of patients with positive urine bacterial culture of the mid-stream who had positive urine leucocytes, positive urine nitrite and postoperative pyrexia were 86.5%(77/89), 64.0%(57/89), 25.8%(23/89), respectively, which was higher than that of patients with negative urine bacterial culture of the mid-stream [50.3%(83/165), 14.5%(24/165), 14.5%(24/165), P<0.05]. Four teen kinds of bacteria were detected from the mid-stream urine, and the three bacteria with the highest detection rate in turn were Escherichia coli of 38.2%(34/89), Proteus mirabilis of 15.7%(14/89), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa of 11.2%(10/89). The results of this study showed that three common bacteria had high resistance to drug including Cefazolin, Cefuroxime, Cefuroxime ester, Ampicillin and Co-trimoxazole (all resistance rate>40%). The resistance rates of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin were higher than or equal to 40%. The resistance rates of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis to meropenem, imipenem, ertapenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and amikacin were all lower than 10%. In addition, the resistance rates of Escherichia coli to nitrofurantoin and tigecycline and Proteus mirabilis to tobramycin, aztreonam and cefoxitin were all less than 10%. The resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ceftazidime, cefepime, gentamicin and aztreonam were less than 10%. Conclusions:The highest detection rate of urinary bacteria in culture of the mid-stream with infectious stones are Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, all of which showed high resistance to Ampicillin, Cotrimoxazole, and some cephalosporins. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showe high resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin, and all of the three bacteria have low resistance rates to some β-Lactamase inhibitor complex and carbapenems, suggesting a reference for clinical empirical medical treatment.