The method of decocting and taking medicine can directly influence the efficacy of the Chinese herbal medicine,and is the key to enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity.As the originator of classic books for traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)prescriptions,Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases has recorded various specific methods of decocting and taking medicine in details.This paper summarized and sorted out various methods of decocting the same Chinese herbal medicine,re-decocting method with the removal of dregs(for concentrating medicinal solution),method of decocting pills,dosage of medicine,time for taking medicine,and notices and healthcare after medication recorded in Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases.Moreover,the dialectical view in the method of decocting medicine recorded in Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases.was explored.The special method of decocting and taking medicine in Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases included the TCM dialectical view of using the same Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of different diseases,consideration of both Chinese herbal medicine and syndromes,drastic purgatives for chasing long-term efficacy.The method of taking medicine contained the TCM dialectical view of modification of the medicine dosage according to syndrome differentiation,adapting to the general trend,and suspension after medicine starting an effect.It is believed that the method of decocting and taking medicine for the prescriptions in Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases is established according to syndrome differentiation,and the utilization of various methods of decocting and taking medicine as well as notices and healthcare after medication in accordance with the characteristics of diseases and syndromes ensures the prescriptions meeting the pathogenesis,and then enhance the clinical efficacy.

Objective To investigate the effects of modified Simiao San combined with Metronidazole Tablets on immune factors,inflammatory factors,and oxidative stress in patients with bacterial vaginosis(BV).Methods Eighty BV patients treated at Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine(Dongguan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital)from March 2023 to April 2024 were equally randomly divided into a control group(40 cases,treated with Metronidazole Tablets)and a study group(40 cases,treated with modified Simiao San plus Metronidazole Tablets).The treatment for the two groups lasted for 7 days.Serum immunologic factors[immunoglobulin(Ig)A,IgG,and IgM],inflammatory factors[C-reactive protein(CRP),tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6)],and oxidative stress markers[superoxide dismutase(SOD),malondialdehyde(MDA),and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)]in the two groups were measured before and after treatment.After treatment,symptom resolution time,clinical efficacy,and the incidence of total adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Results(1)After 7 days,the total effective rate was 95.00%(38/40)in the study group versus 77.50%(31/40)in the control group(tested by chi-square test,P＜0.05).(2)The study group showed significantly shorter time to the resolution of profuse or scanty leukorrhea,odor of leukorrhea,vulvar itching,vaginal pain,and vaginal mucosal hyperemia(all P＜0.01)than the control group.(3)After treatment,both groups exhibited increased IgA,IgG,and IgM(P＜0.05)compared to those before treatment,with greater improvements in the study group(P＜0.01).(4)After treatment,serum levels of inflammatory factors of CRP,TNF-α,and IL-6 in both groups decreased(P＜0.05),with superior reductions in the study group(P＜0.01).(5)After treatment,serum levels of oxidative stress markers of SOD and GSH-Px levels rose(P＜0.05),while MDA declined(P＜0.05)in both groups,and the study group demonstrated more pronounced improvements(P＜0.01).(6)Adverse reaction rates were 5.00%(2/40)and 15.00%(6/40)in the study group and control group,respectively,the differentce being no statistical significance between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Modified Simiao San combined with Metronidazole Tablets significantly alleviates BV symptoms,improves immune function,and inhibits inflammatory response and oxidative stress,demonstrating satisfactory efficacy and high safety.

Objective To explore the medication rules and therapeutic principles of Zhang Jingyue's miscarriage prevention therapies based on data mining technique and literature analysis.Methods The prescription data recorded in the chapter about pregnancy and fetal development from the volume of Women's Diseases in Jing Yue Quan Shu(Jingyue's Complete Works)were collected to establish a database.Frequency analysis,association analysis,and cluster analysis of the herbal medicines from the prescriptions for preventing miscarriage were performed using SPSS Modeler 18.0 and SPSS Statistics 26.0 to investigate Zhang's medication rules.Additionally,discussions on miscarriage prevention in the chapter about pregnancy and fetal development were systematically reviewed to summarize his therapeutic principles.Results A total of 76 miscarriage-prevention prescriptions involving 102 herbal medicinals were analyzed.Among them,26 high-frequency herbal medicinals(used≥5 times)were identified,and primarily belonged to the tonifying deficiency category(11 medicinals).Association analysis revealed 10 association rules with high support,such as"Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma→Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma"and"Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle→Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma,Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma".The network graph of drug association presented high-correlation herbs including Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle,Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma,Poria,Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma,and Angelicae Sinensis Radix.Cluster analysis yielded four core prescription groups:(1)Ziziphi Spinosae Semen,Polygalae Radix,Dioscoreae Rhizoma,and Corni Fructus;(2)Paeoniae Radix Alba,Chuanxiong Rhizoma,Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata,Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma,Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma,Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle,Angelicae Sinensis Radix,Poria,and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium;(3)Rehmanniae Radix,Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,and Scutellariae Radix;(4)Pinelliae Rhizoma,Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex,Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens,and Jujubae Fructus.Zhang's therapeutic principles for preventing miscarriage were as follows:(1)treating primary diseases together by preventing miscarriage;(2)monthly-specific cultivation of the fetus to preemptively address deficiencies;(3)emphasis on maternal health to consolidate fetal vitality;(4)strict adherence to medication and dietary contraindications and lifestyle management during pregnancy.Conclusion Zhang Jingyue's miscarriage-prevention principles emphasize etiological diagnosis with dual focus on treating primary diseases and preventing miscarriage.His therapies prioritize replenishing qi and blood,skillfully regulating spleen-stomach function and qi movement by employing special and mild herbs and prescribing simplified and flexible formulas.These medication rules and therapeutic principles may provide valuable references for modern miscarriage-prevention strategies.

Natural killer cells(NK)are important innate immune cells that do not require prior antigen exposure and can directly recognize and attack virus-infected cells and tumor cells.The activation and effector functions of NK cells are regulated by a balance of signals delivered through their surface activating receptors and inhibitory re-ceptors,which bind to ligands on target cells to achieve cytotoxicity via"induced self"and"missing self"recogni-tion models.The killing mechanisms of NK cells primarily include release of cytotoxic granules such as perforin and granzymes to induce target cell lysis,death receptor-mediated apoptosis,secretion of various cytokines,chemokines and growth factors to coordinate with other immune cells in killing tumor cells,thereby generating secondary im-mune responses and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity(ADCC).

Objective To investigate the impact of smoking cessation on high-resolution compu-ted tomography(HRCT)phenotypes in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)and its relationship with the frequency of acute exacerbations.Methods A retrospective study was conducted in 237 smokers with COPD who could cooperate with a 1-year follow-up.Among them,160 patients underwent a comprehensive 1-year smoking cessation intervention,and were divided into smoking cessation failure group(87 patients)and smoking cessation success group(73 patients)based on whether they successfully quited smoking.The remaining 77 smokers with COPD who did not receive smoking cessation intervention were designated as smoking group.HRCT phenotypes,total lung volume(TLV),total emphysema volume(TEV),emphysema index(EI)and the number of acute exacerbation at different time points were compared among the three groups.Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between smoking cessation and the number of acute exac-erbations.Results There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of A phenotype patients among the three groups before intervention and at 3 and 6 months of intervention(P＞0.05).At the 9th and 12th months of intervention,the proportion of patients with A phenotype in the smoking group was lower than that in the smoking cessation failure group and smoking cessation success group(P＜0.05).Before the intervention and at the 3rd,6th and 9th months of interven-tion,there were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of patients with E phenotype among the three groups(P＞0.05).Before intervention and at the 3rd and 6th months of interven-tion,there were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of patients with M phenotype among the three groups(P＞0.05).At the 9th and 12th months of intervention,the proportion of patients with M phenotype in the smoking group was higher than that in the smoking cessation failure group and smoking cessation success group(P＜0.05).Before intervention,there were no statisti-cally significant differences in TLV,TEV and EI among the three groups(P＞0.05).One year af-ter the intervention,TLV,TEV and El in the smoking cessation failure group and smoking cessation success group were lower than those in the smoking group(P＜0.05).At the 3rd,6th,9th and 12th months of intervention,the number of acute exacerbations in the the smoking cessation failure group and smoking cessation success group was less than that in the smoking group(P＜0.05).At the 9th and 12th months of intervention,the number of acute exacerbation in the smoking cessation success group was less than that in the smoking cessation failure group(P＜0.05).The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that smoking cessation was negatively correlated with the number of acute exacerbation in smokers with COPD(P＜0.05),and this negative correlation gradually in-creased with the extension of smoking cessation duration.Conclusion Smoking cessation can im-prove HRCT phenotypes and effectively reduce the number of acute exacerbation in smokers with COPD.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of oral maintenance therapy with tegafur for residual lesions in patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) after chemoradiotherapy.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted. A total of 38 patients with locally advanced ESCC who had residual lesions after receiving albumin bound paclitaxel combined with platinum chemoradiotherapy from March 2019 to September 2021 in Jiangsu Province Suqian Hospital were selected. All patients were divided into the maintenance treatment group (20 cases) and the non-maintenance treatment group (18 cases) based on whether they received oral maintenance therapy with tegafur after chemoradiotherapy. The progression-free survival (PFS) of both groups was compared and the adverse reactions of the maintenance treatment group were analyzed.Results:There were no statistically significant differences in baseline data between the 2 groups (both P > 0.05). The 1, 2, 3-year PFS rates for the maintenance treatment group were 95.0%, 78.1%, and 58.3%, respectively, with a median PFS time of 33.65 months (95% CI: 29.04-38.26 months); the 1, 2, 3-year PFS rates in the non-maintenance treatment group were 88.9%, 54.5%, and 12.1%, respectively, with a median PFS time of 25.08 months (95% CI: 20.97-29.18 months); there was a statistically significant difference in PFS between the 2 groups ( χ2 = 5.36, P = 0.021). The common adverse reactions in the maintenance treatment group included hematological adverse reactions, hand foot syndrome, decreased appetite, and fatigue. The more common adverse reactions were neutropenia [85.0% (17/20)] and leukopenia [65.0% (13/20)]; 9 cases experienced grade 3-4 adverse reactions, which were relieved by adjusting the dosage or discontinuing the medication. Conclusions:Oral maintenance therapy with tegafur may improve the survival of ESCC patients with residual lesions after chemoradiotherapy and the adverse reactions are controllable.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of oral maintenance therapy with tegafur for residual lesions in patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) after chemoradiotherapy.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted. A total of 38 patients with locally advanced ESCC who had residual lesions after receiving albumin bound paclitaxel combined with platinum chemoradiotherapy from March 2019 to September 2021 in Jiangsu Province Suqian Hospital were selected. All patients were divided into the maintenance treatment group (20 cases) and the non-maintenance treatment group (18 cases) based on whether they received oral maintenance therapy with tegafur after chemoradiotherapy. The progression-free survival (PFS) of both groups was compared and the adverse reactions of the maintenance treatment group were analyzed.Results:There were no statistically significant differences in baseline data between the 2 groups (both P > 0.05). The 1, 2, 3-year PFS rates for the maintenance treatment group were 95.0%, 78.1%, and 58.3%, respectively, with a median PFS time of 33.65 months (95% CI: 29.04-38.26 months); the 1, 2, 3-year PFS rates in the non-maintenance treatment group were 88.9%, 54.5%, and 12.1%, respectively, with a median PFS time of 25.08 months (95% CI: 20.97-29.18 months); there was a statistically significant difference in PFS between the 2 groups ( χ2 = 5.36, P = 0.021). The common adverse reactions in the maintenance treatment group included hematological adverse reactions, hand foot syndrome, decreased appetite, and fatigue. The more common adverse reactions were neutropenia [85.0% (17/20)] and leukopenia [65.0% (13/20)]; 9 cases experienced grade 3-4 adverse reactions, which were relieved by adjusting the dosage or discontinuing the medication. Conclusions:Oral maintenance therapy with tegafur may improve the survival of ESCC patients with residual lesions after chemoradiotherapy and the adverse reactions are controllable.

Objective:To analyze the factors related to spontaneous re-eruption after intruded injury in permanent anterior teeth in children and adolescents.Methods:Clinical data from 5-to 17-year-old pa-tients who sustained intrusive luxation of permanent anterior teeth and treated in the Department of Pedia-tric Dentistry of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from June 2015 to August 2024 were reviewed.Information of age,gender,degree of intrusion,direction of intrusion,tooth develop-ment,concomitant injuries,luxation and post-osteoclastic eruption of the adjacent teeth were recorded.The patients were divided into two groups based on whether they showed spontaneous re-eruption during advised observation after intrusion.Univariate and multifactor analysis were performed using Logistic re-gression.Results:Data from 170 teeth in 139 patients whose age ranging from 5.3-16.3 years[mean age(9.0±2.1)years]were examined.A gender disparity was observed among the patients,with 84 be-ing male and 55 being female.Among the 170 teeth,112 were categorized as successfully spontaneous re-eruption during advised observation after intrusion,while 58 were not.In terms of the degree of intru-sion,45 teeth(26.47％)had intrusion less than 3 mm,102 teeth(60.00％)experienced intrusion be-tween 3-7 mm,and 23 teeth(13.53％)were faced with intrusion exceeding 7 mm.As for the direction of intrusion,117 teeth(68.82％)were straight intrusion while mesial-distal and buccal-lingual intrusion respectively accounting for 17(10.00％)and 23(13.53％).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that mesial-distal intrusion(OR=0.167,95％CI:0.031-0.9048,P=0.038),intrusion of＞7 mm(OR=0.065,95％CI:0.014-0.299,P＜0.001)and luxation of adjacent teeth(OR=0.369,95％CI:0.144-0.944,P=0.037)were independent risk factors for spontaneous re-eruption of trau-matically intruded permanent anterior teeth in children and adolescents during advised observation after intrusion,while intrusion of＜3 mm(OR=9.860,95％CI:2.430-40.009,P=0.001)and post-osteoclastic eruption of adjacent teeth(OR=4.712,95％CI:1.528-14.531,P=0.007)were inde-pendent protective factors.The possibility of spontaneous re-eruption in permanent anterior teeth during advised observation after intrusion was decreased by 61.1％with the increase of root development using Cvek's classification(OR=0.611,95％CI:0.408-0.914,P=0.017).Age(OR=1.077,95％CI:0.763-1.521,P=0.673)and laceration of gingival(OR=0.865,95％CI:0.290-2.578,P=0.794)didn't significantly affect the spontaneous re-eruption during advised observation after intrusion.Conclusion:In this study,mesial-distal intrusion,intrusion of＞7 mm and luxation of adjacent teeth were independent risk factors for spontaneous re-eruption of traumatically intruded permanent anterior teeth in children and adolescents during advised observation,while intrusion of＜3 mm and post-osteoclastic eruption of adjacent teeth were served as independent protective factors.

The application of pesticides(mostly insecticides and fungicides)during the tea-planting process will undoubtedly increase the dietary risk associated with drinking tea.Thus,it is necessary to ascertain whether pesticide residues in tea products exceed the maximum residue limits.However,the complex matrices present in tea samples comprise a major challenge in the analytical detection of pesticide residues.In this study,nine types of lateral flow immunochromatographic strips(LFICSs)were developed to detect the pesticides of interest(fenpropathrin,chlorpyrifos,imidacloprid,thiamethoxam,acet-amiprid,carbendazim,chlorothalonil,pyraclostrobin,and iprodione).To reduce the interference of tea substrates on the assay sensitivity,the pretreatment conditions for tea samples,including the extraction solvent,extraction time,and purification agent,were optimized for the simultaneous detection of these pesticides.The entire testing procedure(including pretreatment and detection)could be completed within 30 min.The detected results of authentic tea samples were confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS),which suggest that the LFICS coupled with sample rapid pretreatment can be used for on-site rapid screening of the target pesticide in tea products prior to their market release.