Insulin is used as a therapeutic agent in patients with diabetes, and cutaneous lipohypertrophy (LH) and localized insulin-derived amyloidosis (LIDA) are well-known adverse effects associated with insulin injections. The clinical implications, management, assessment methods, and pathological differentiation of LH and LIDA have been recently updated. This review was to update our knowledge of the pathological differentiation, effects of insulin absorption, hypoglycemic events, and recent assessment methods for LH and LIDA. A scoping review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Original studies and case reports in English were also included. PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for keywords to identify papers published up to January 2022. A total of 113 studies were identified through a database search, and 31 were eligible for inclusion in this scoping review. In the 31 studies included in this review, patients with type 2 diabetes had high frequencies of LH and LIDA. LH outcome parameters were assessed using pathological findings and imaging. LIDA is mainly determined by pathological methods, such as hematoxylin and eosin and Congo red staining. Several in vitro and in vivo LIDA models of LIDA have been developed. These results suggest that pathological analysis is required to identify LH and LIDA. It is important to consider LIDA, as it likely influences insulin adsorption and glycemic control. Although several studies have evaluated the LIDA process, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the development of adverse effects associated with insulin injections.

Insulin is used as a therapeutic agent in patients with diabetes, and cutaneous lipohypertrophy (LH) and localized insulin-derived amyloidosis (LIDA) are well-known adverse effects associated with insulin injections. The clinical implications, management, assessment methods, and pathological differentiation of LH and LIDA have been recently updated. This review was to update our knowledge of the pathological differentiation, effects of insulin absorption, hypoglycemic events, and recent assessment methods for LH and LIDA. A scoping review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Original studies and case reports in English were also included. PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for keywords to identify papers published up to January 2022. A total of 113 studies were identified through a database search, and 31 were eligible for inclusion in this scoping review. In the 31 studies included in this review, patients with type 2 diabetes had high frequencies of LH and LIDA. LH outcome parameters were assessed using pathological findings and imaging. LIDA is mainly determined by pathological methods, such as hematoxylin and eosin and Congo red staining. Several in vitro and in vivo LIDA models of LIDA have been developed. These results suggest that pathological analysis is required to identify LH and LIDA. It is important to consider LIDA, as it likely influences insulin adsorption and glycemic control. Although several studies have evaluated the LIDA process, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the development of adverse effects associated with insulin injections.

OBJECTIVES: Complex and diverse factors are related to reproductive health (RH) behavior among adolescents according to the social and cultural context of each countries. This study examined the prevalence of active RH and factors related to active RH behavior among Indonesian adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,040 of students who were selected through a multi-stage random sampling technique. A self-administered questionnaire was developed, including the World Health Organization Illustrative Questionnaire for Interview-Surveys with Young People, pubertal development scale, and sexual activity scale, modified in accordance to the Indonesian context. The data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics, as well as logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The prevalence of active RH behavior were more higher in boys (56.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 50.6% to 62.6%) than in girls (43.7%; 95% CI, 37.6% to 49.8%). Negative attitudes towards RH were a factor related to active RH behavior in both boys and girls. Smoking and kind relationship envisioned before marriage (pacaran [courtship] and nikah siri [non-registered marriage]) were factors related to active RH behavior in boys; whereas the absence of access to information on substance abuse was an additional factor in girls. Moreover, an interaction was found between access to information on development and smoking (boys) and attitudes on RH (girls) as independent variables associated with active RH behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Sex education for adolescents in Indonesia, particularly in the context of a health promotion program, should be developed based on prevalent social, cultural, and religious values to prevent active RH behavior. Such programs should focus on the kind of relationship envisioned before marriage and smoking for boys and access to information on subtance abuse for girls.
Access to Information ; Adolescent Behavior ; Adolescent* ; Cross-Sectional Studies* ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Logistic Models ; Marriage ; Prevalence* ; Reproductive Health* ; Sex Education ; Sexual Behavior ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Substance-Related Disorders ; World Health Organization