Reach-to-grasp movements require integrating information on both object location and grip type, but how these elements are planned and to what extent they interact remains unclear. We designed a new experimental paradigm in which monkeys sequentially received reach and grasp cues with delays, requiring them to retain and integrate both cues to grasp the goal object with appropriate hand gestures. Neural activity in the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) revealed that reach and grasp were similarly represented yet not independent. Upon receiving the second cue, the PMd continued encoding the first, but over half of the neurons displayed incongruent modulations: enhanced, attenuated, or even reversed. Population-level analysis showed significant changes in encoding structure, forming distinct neural patterns. Leveraging canonical correlation analysis, we identified a shared subspace preserving the initial cue's encoding, contributed by both congruent and incongruent neurons. Together, these findings reveal a novel perspective on the interactive planning of reach and grasp within the PMd, providing insights into potential applications for brain-machine interfaces.
Animals ; Motor Cortex/physiology* ; Hand Strength/physiology* ; Macaca mulatta ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology* ; Neurons/physiology* ; Male ; Cues ; Movement/physiology* ; Gestures

Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) significantly endangers the lives of individuals with Marfan syndrome (MFS), yet the intricacies of their biomechanical origins remain elusive. Our investigation delves into the pivotal role of hemodynamic disturbance in the pathogenesis of TAA, with a particular emphasis on the mechanistic contributions of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascade. We uncovered that activation of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) within smooth muscle cells, instigated by the oscillatory wall shear stress (OSS) that stems from disturbed flow (DF), is a catalyst for TAA progression. This revelation was corroborated through both an MFS mouse model (Fbn1 ^+/C1039G) and clinical MFS specimens. Crucially, our research demonstrates a direct linkage between the activation of the mTORC1 pathway and the intensity in OSS. Therapeutic administration of rapamycin suppresses mTORC1 activity, leading to the attenuation of aberrant SMC behavior, reduced inflammatory infiltration, and restoration of extracellular matrix integrity-collectively decelerating TAA advancement in our mouse model. These insights posit the mTORC1 axis as a strategic target for intervention, offering a novel approach to manage TAAs in MFS and potentially pave insights for current treatment paradigms.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of hyperoside on high glucose-induced excessive proliferation of retinal endo-thelial cells(RECs)and its possible mechanism.METHODS Diabetic retinopathy(DR)models were established in male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats.DR rats were treated with low-and high-dose hyperoside(DR+L-HY group and DR+H-HY group).Additional-ly,the normal control(NC)group,DR non-intervention(DR)group and DR+calcium dobesilate intervention(DR+CD)group were set up.The differences in the number of RECs in retinal blood vessels were observed and compared among all groups after intervention.In addition,RECs were inoculated into cell culture plates after normal culture and subculture.They were divided into 5 groups according to different treatments:normal glucose(NG)group,high glucose(HG)group,mannitol(MT)group,high glucose+low concentration of hyperoside(HG+H100)group and high glucose+high concentration of hyperoside(HG+H400)group.The activ-ity,cell migration and tubule formation of RECs in each group were detected and compared by CCK-8,cell migration and tubule for-mation assays.Western blot and qPCR were used to detect the expression of NADPH Oxidase 4(NOX4)and thioredoxin interacting protein(TXNIP)in each group.RESULTS The number of RECs in the DR group was significantly increased compared to the NC group(P<0.01).In contrast,the DR+L-HY,DR+H-HY,and DR+CD groups all showed significant decreases in RECs number compared to the DR group(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the reduction of RECs in the DR+H-HY group was significantly greater than that in the DR+L-HY group(P<0.05).Furthermore,the cell activity,migration number and tube formation number of RECs in the HG group were significantly higher than those in the NG group(P<0.05,P<0.01).The protein and mRNA expression levels of NOX4 and TXNIP in the HG group were also significantly higher than those in the NG group(P<0.01).However,the RECs activity,RECs mi-gration number and tube formation number in the HG+H100 group and the HG+H400 group were significantly lower than those in the HG group(P<0.05,P<0.01).The expression levels of NOX4 and TXNIP in both groups were significantly lower than those in the HG group(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the RECs activity,migration number,tube formation number,and the expression of NOX4 and TXNIP in the HG+H400 group were further significantly decreased compared with those in the HG+H100 group(P<0.01).CONCLU-SION Hyperoside could significantly inhibit the high glucose-induced excessive proliferation of RECs.The mechanism may be relat-ed to the inhibition of NOX4/TXNIP activation in high-glucose environment.

Thoracic aortic aneurysm(TAA)significantly endangers the lives of individuals with Marfan syndrome(MFS),yet the intricacies of their biomechanical origins remain elusive.Our investigation delves into the pivotal role of hemodynamic disturbance in the pathogenesis of TAA,with a particular emphasis on the mechanistic contributions of the mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling cascade.We un-covered that activation of the mTOR complex 1(mTORC1)within smooth muscle cells,instigated by the oscillatory wall shear stress(OSS)that stems from disturbed flow(DF),is a catalyst for TAA progression.This revelation was corroborated through both an MFS mouse model(Fbn1+/C1039G)and clinical MFS specimens.Crucially,our research demonstrates a direct linkage between the activation of the mTORC1 pathway and the intensity in OSS.Therapeutic administration of rapamycin suppresses mTORC1 activity,leading to the attenuation of aberrant SMC behavior,reduced inflammatory infiltration,and restoration of extracellular matrix integrity—collectively decelerating TAA advancement in our mouse model.These insights posit the mTORC1 axis as a strategic target for intervention,offering a novel approach to manage TAAs in MFS and potentially pave insights for current treatment paradigms.

To explore the inhibitory effect of ginkgolide B (GB) on MH7A human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and its potential mechanism. Firstly, 20 μg/L tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was pretreated with MH7A to establish a cell model of arthritis. After incubation of MH7A cells with various concentrations of GB, CCK-8 assay, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry (FCM) were separately used to detect cell viability, cell invasion, and cell apoptosis rate and cell cycle; Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot assay were performed to detect the apoptosis- and cycle-related gene transcriptions and protein expressions, respectively. The results showed that compared with the control group, GB dose- and time-dependently suppressed cell viability to a greater extent; GB significantly reduced cell invasive ability and increased cell apoptosis rate and proportion of G0/G1 phase in MH7A cells, along with increased transcription levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and p21 mRNA and decreased transcription levels of Bcl-2, myeloid cell leukemia 1(Mcl-1), protein kinase B (PKB; AKT), IP3K, Cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) mRNA; GB remarkably increased expression levels of Bax, p21, and cleaved-Caspase 3 protein and decreased expression levels of Bcl-2, Mcl-1, p-AKT, p-PI3K, Cyclin D1, and CDK4 protein, with decreased ratios of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, and Bcl-2/Bax. In conclusion, GB blocks the G1-to-S cell cycle transition, suppresses cell viability and cell invasion and induces cell apoptosis of MH7A human RA-FLS via suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of hyperoside on high glucose-induced excessive proliferation of retinal endo-thelial cells(RECs)and its possible mechanism.METHODS Diabetic retinopathy(DR)models were established in male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats.DR rats were treated with low-and high-dose hyperoside(DR+L-HY group and DR+H-HY group).Additional-ly,the normal control(NC)group,DR non-intervention(DR)group and DR+calcium dobesilate intervention(DR+CD)group were set up.The differences in the number of RECs in retinal blood vessels were observed and compared among all groups after intervention.In addition,RECs were inoculated into cell culture plates after normal culture and subculture.They were divided into 5 groups according to different treatments:normal glucose(NG)group,high glucose(HG)group,mannitol(MT)group,high glucose+low concentration of hyperoside(HG+H100)group and high glucose+high concentration of hyperoside(HG+H400)group.The activ-ity,cell migration and tubule formation of RECs in each group were detected and compared by CCK-8,cell migration and tubule for-mation assays.Western blot and qPCR were used to detect the expression of NADPH Oxidase 4(NOX4)and thioredoxin interacting protein(TXNIP)in each group.RESULTS The number of RECs in the DR group was significantly increased compared to the NC group(P<0.01).In contrast,the DR+L-HY,DR+H-HY,and DR+CD groups all showed significant decreases in RECs number compared to the DR group(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the reduction of RECs in the DR+H-HY group was significantly greater than that in the DR+L-HY group(P<0.05).Furthermore,the cell activity,migration number and tube formation number of RECs in the HG group were significantly higher than those in the NG group(P<0.05,P<0.01).The protein and mRNA expression levels of NOX4 and TXNIP in the HG group were also significantly higher than those in the NG group(P<0.01).However,the RECs activity,RECs mi-gration number and tube formation number in the HG+H100 group and the HG+H400 group were significantly lower than those in the HG group(P<0.05,P<0.01).The expression levels of NOX4 and TXNIP in both groups were significantly lower than those in the HG group(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the RECs activity,migration number,tube formation number,and the expression of NOX4 and TXNIP in the HG+H400 group were further significantly decreased compared with those in the HG+H100 group(P<0.01).CONCLU-SION Hyperoside could significantly inhibit the high glucose-induced excessive proliferation of RECs.The mechanism may be relat-ed to the inhibition of NOX4/TXNIP activation in high-glucose environment.

Although no cross protection was observed between different serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV),there were cross-reactivity between different serotypes of antibodies produced after vaccination,the aim of this paper was to prepare the neutralizing monoclonal anti-body against Foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV)serotype O,and to develop the method to dis-tinguish antibody against FMDV serotype O and A based on mAb.The inactivated FMDV serotype O was used as antigen in mAb production,a series of GST fusion overlapping peptides and trun-cated peptides expressed in Escherichia coli were used to identify antigenic epitope recognized by monoclonal antibodies.In order to verify feasibility of the screened monoclonal antibodies in diag-nosis,20 positive serum of FMDV serotype O and A,20 negative serum with known background were detected by blocking ELISA.Results were as follows:five monoclonal antibodies were suc-cessfully screened.The five monoclonal antibodies showed good reactivity with FMDV serotype O,but did not react with FMDV serotype A by Western blot and IFA,these mAbs showed neutrali-zing ability to FMDV/O/MY98/GZBY/2013 by VNT.The same epitope was identified by five monoclonal antibodies,the minimum epitope was145 RGDLQVLA152,Arg145 and Gln149 were key a-mino acids of the epitope.Sequence alignment analysis revealed that the identified epitopes were conserved among most of O type FMDV strains,but Gln149 was mutated among all A,Asia 1 and SAT1-3 type FMDV strains.The mAb-8C5D3 distinguished between antibody of FMDV serotype O and FMDV serotype A by blocking ELISA.The results provided materials for development of O type FMDV antibody detection kit and evaluation of vaccine immune effect.

Although no cross protection was observed between different serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV),there were cross-reactivity between different serotypes of antibodies produced after vaccination,the aim of this paper was to prepare the neutralizing monoclonal anti-body against Foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV)serotype O,and to develop the method to dis-tinguish antibody against FMDV serotype O and A based on mAb.The inactivated FMDV serotype O was used as antigen in mAb production,a series of GST fusion overlapping peptides and trun-cated peptides expressed in Escherichia coli were used to identify antigenic epitope recognized by monoclonal antibodies.In order to verify feasibility of the screened monoclonal antibodies in diag-nosis,20 positive serum of FMDV serotype O and A,20 negative serum with known background were detected by blocking ELISA.Results were as follows:five monoclonal antibodies were suc-cessfully screened.The five monoclonal antibodies showed good reactivity with FMDV serotype O,but did not react with FMDV serotype A by Western blot and IFA,these mAbs showed neutrali-zing ability to FMDV/O/MY98/GZBY/2013 by VNT.The same epitope was identified by five monoclonal antibodies,the minimum epitope was145 RGDLQVLA152,Arg145 and Gln149 were key a-mino acids of the epitope.Sequence alignment analysis revealed that the identified epitopes were conserved among most of O type FMDV strains,but Gln149 was mutated among all A,Asia 1 and SAT1-3 type FMDV strains.The mAb-8C5D3 distinguished between antibody of FMDV serotype O and FMDV serotype A by blocking ELISA.The results provided materials for development of O type FMDV antibody detection kit and evaluation of vaccine immune effect.

Surgery is the preferred treatment for resectable esophageal cancer, but in locally advanced esophageal cancer, the effect of surgery alone is not ideal, so surgery-based comprehensive treatment is the best option. Neoadjuvant therapy has become a standard treatment in the treatment of locally advanced resectable esophageal cancer. Neoadjuvant therapy includes neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radiochemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, etc. With the significant efficacy and acceptable toxicity of immunotherapy in the first-line and second-line treatment of advanced esophageal cancer, neoadjuvant immunotherapy has become a research hotspot of locally advanced resectable esophageal cancer. This article reviews the latest research progress and some limitations of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in locally advanced resectable esophageal cancer.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors of delirium after cardiac valve replacement went under car-diopulmonary bypass(CPB)with propofol sedation.Methods A total of 152 patients underwent cardiac valve replacement under CPB in Nanyang Central Hospital from January 2020 to December 2022 were selected as research objects,and they were randomly divided into observation group A[50 ≤bispectral index(BIS)＜60]and observation group B(35≤BIS＜45)according to the depth of propofol sedation,with 76 cases in each group.The clinical data such as age,gender,body mass index(BMI),diabetes,hypertension,coronary heart disease,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,sleep disorder,nutritional disorder,anxiety,depression,smoking history,drinking history,preoperative cardiac insufficiency,intraoperative hypoxemia,intraoperative hypoproteinemia,postoperative acute renal injury,secondary intubation,massive blood transfusion,excessive pain,postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),surgical method and CPB time were collected,and the incidence of postoperative delirium of patients was evaluated by the confusion assessment method of intensive care unit(CAM-ICU)method.The incidence of postoperative delirium of patients between observation group A and observation group B was compared.The influencing factors of postoperative delirium occurrence was analyzed by using univariate and multivariate logis-tic regression analysis.Results Among the 152 patients underwent heart valve replacement,36 patients experienced postoperative delirium,with an incidence of 23.68％.The incidence of postoperative delirium of patients in the observation group A and the observation group B was 38.16％(29/76),9.21％(7/76),respectively;the incidence of postoperative delirium of patients in the observation group A was significantly higher than that in the observation group B(x2=17.617,P＜0.05).The gender,BMI,diabetes,hypertension,coronary heart disease,cognitive disorder,sleep disorder,nutritional disorder,anxiety,depression,smoking history,drinking history,intraoperative hypoxemia,intraoperative hypoproteinemia,postoperative acute renal injury,secondary intubation,massive blood transfusion,and surgical method were not related to postoperative delirium(P＞0.05);the age,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,preoperative heart failure,excessive pain,postoperative LVEF,and CPB time were associated with postoperative delirium(P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age 60 years,preoperative cardiac dysfunction,excessive pain,and CPB time≥100 minutes were risk factors for postoperative delirium(P＜0.05),while postoperative LVEF≤50％and propofol sedation depth of 35≤BIS＜45 were protective factors for postoperative delirium(P＜0.05).Conclusion Propofol sedation depth of 35≤BIS＜45,postoperative LVEF ≥50％can effectively reduce the risk of postoperative delirium after cardiac valve replacement under CPB.Age≥60 years old,preoperative cardiac insufficiency,excessive pain,and CPB time≥100 min can increase the risk of postoperative delirium.