Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent lymphoma derived from B cells, and most patients have a good prognosis, high remission rate and long overall survival. However, approximately 2%-3% of FL patients develop aggressive lymphoma during treatment or surveillance each year. Transformed FL has high heterogeneity and poor prognosis, and may be involved in clonal evolution by a variety of molecular mechanisms such as bcl-2 mutation, myc mutation, histone modification genes mutation, CDKN2A/B deletion and disruptions in the tumor microenvironment. At present, there are no standard biomarkers available to predict the transformation and prognosis. In this paper, the pathological characteristics, gene mutation and tumor microenvironment of FL histologic transformation are reviewed.

Objective To determine potential gene-gene interactions of TNF-? and VDR loci with outcomes of hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection.Methods A total of 391 chronic hepatitis B(HB) patients as a case group and 212 HBV self-limited infected subjects as a control group were recruited to conduct a case-control study.TNF-?-238G/A,-857C/T,-863C/A,VDR-TaqⅠT/C and FokⅠC/T gene polymorphisms were examined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP).The interactions between TNF-? and VDR genes were analyzed by multiple model.Results There were positive gene-gene interactions between TNF-?-238 GA and FokⅠ CT/CC(ORint=4.04),between-863 CC and-857 CC(ORint=1.26) and between-857 CC and FokⅠ CT/CC(ORint=1.37),respectively,which increase the risk of chronic hepatitis B.There were negative gene-gene interactions between TNF-?-238 GA and-857 CC(ORint=0.92)and between FokⅠ CT/CC and TNF-?-863 CC(ORint=0.95),which decrease the risk of chronic hepatitis B.Conclusion Interaction between TNF-? loci and VDR loci potentially increase the risk of chronic hepatitis B after HBV infection.