Objectives: Pediatric and adolescent oral and maxillofacial trauma and infections differ significantly from adults in anatomy, development, and immunity, making diagnosis and treatment challenging. This study retrospectively evaluated the etiology, clinical features, and management of oral and maxillofacial trauma and infections among patients aged 3 to 15 years. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of 824 pediatric and adolescent patients who presented to the emergency department of Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital from January 2022 to December 2024. Patients were categorized based on chief complaints into trauma, infection, or other conditions. Primary analyses focused on trauma and infections, and secondary analyses included etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Results: Trauma accounted for 742 cases (90.0%) and infections for 44 cases (5.3%). Boys (65.7%) outnumbered girls (34.3%), and school-aged children (6-11 years) were most frequently affected (56.5%). Lacerations (49.2%) and abrasions (34.1%) were the most common traumas, followed by dental trauma (31.0%) and facial fractures (5.0%). Among fractures, the mandibular condyle (35.1%) was most commonly involved. Most fractures were managed non-surgically (54.0%), while 30.0% required surgery. Infections were mainly odontogenic abscesses (44.7%), cellulitis (36.4%), and sialadenitis (15.9%). Abscesses were treated with incision and drainage (57.1%) or antibiotics (19.1%), with 23.8% requiring hospitalization. Conclusion Trauma was the most frequent emergency cause in pediatric and adolescent patients, particularly among school-aged boys. Most cases were successfully managed with appropriate treatment. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are essential for favorable outcomes in pediatric maxillofacial emergencies.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission levels and undergoing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test and complication screenings among patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: We included a total of 3601 diabetes patients’ data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey to analyze the extent of the HbA1c testing and fundus examination, and 3592 diabetes patients’ data to analyze kidney disease screening. COVID-19 transmission levels were classified into low transmission (Busan, Gwangju, Daejeon, Ulsan, and Sejong) and high transmission (Daegu, where the first large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in Korea). Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to determine the association of COVID-19 transmission levels with undergoing HbA1c testing and diabetes complication screening. Results: The proportion of subjects who underwent complication screening of diabetes was lower in the high transmission region (low transmission vs. high transmission: 42.3% vs. 38.0% for fundus examination; 48.9% vs. 45.7% for kidney disease screening). A high COVID-19 transmission level was associated with decreased odds of undergoing fundus examination (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69–0.98) and kidney disease screening (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91). However, COVID-19 transmission levels were not significantly associated with undergoing HbA1c testing. Conclusion A high level of COVID-19 transmission was associated with a decrease in undergoing fundus examination and kidney disease screening. To fully realize the potential benefit of diabetes complication screenings, further effort is required to identify and address challenges to obtaining these screenings, especially in outbreak regions.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission levels and undergoing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test and complication screenings among patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: We included a total of 3601 diabetes patients’ data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey to analyze the extent of the HbA1c testing and fundus examination, and 3592 diabetes patients’ data to analyze kidney disease screening. COVID-19 transmission levels were classified into low transmission (Busan, Gwangju, Daejeon, Ulsan, and Sejong) and high transmission (Daegu, where the first large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in Korea). Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to determine the association of COVID-19 transmission levels with undergoing HbA1c testing and diabetes complication screening. Results: The proportion of subjects who underwent complication screening of diabetes was lower in the high transmission region (low transmission vs. high transmission: 42.3% vs. 38.0% for fundus examination; 48.9% vs. 45.7% for kidney disease screening). A high COVID-19 transmission level was associated with decreased odds of undergoing fundus examination (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69–0.98) and kidney disease screening (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91). However, COVID-19 transmission levels were not significantly associated with undergoing HbA1c testing. Conclusion A high level of COVID-19 transmission was associated with a decrease in undergoing fundus examination and kidney disease screening. To fully realize the potential benefit of diabetes complication screenings, further effort is required to identify and address challenges to obtaining these screenings, especially in outbreak regions.

Rare endocrine diseases are complex conditions that require lifelong specialized care due to their chronic nature and associated long-term complications. In Korea, a lack of nationwide data on clinical practice and outcomes has limited progress in patient care. Therefore, the Multicenter Networks for Ideal Outcomes of Pediatric Rare Endocrine and Metabolic Disease (OUTSPREAD) study was initiated. This study involves 30 centers across Korea. The study aims to improve the long-term prognosis of Korean patients with rare endocrine diseases by collecting comprehensive clinical data, biospecimens, and patient-reported outcomes to identify complications and unmet needs in patient care. Patients with childhood-onset pituitary, adrenal, or gonadal disorders, such as craniopharyngioma, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and Turner syndrome were prioritized. The planned enrollment is 1,300 patients during the first study phase (2022–2024). Clinical, biochemical, and imaging data from diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up during 1980–2023 were retrospectively reviewed. For patients who agreed to participate in the prospective cohort, clinical data and biospecimens will be prospectively collected to discover ideal biomarkers that predict the effectiveness of disease control measures and prognosis. Patient-reported outcomes, including quality of life and depression scales, will be evaluated to assess psychosocial outcomes. Additionally, a substudy on CAH patients will develop a steroid hormone profiling method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to improve diagnosis and monitoring of treatment outcomes. This study will address unmet clinical needs by discovering ideal biomarkers, introducing evidence-based treatment guidelines, and ultimately improving long-term outcomes in the areas of rare endocrine and metabolic diseases.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission levels and undergoing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test and complication screenings among patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: We included a total of 3601 diabetes patients’ data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey to analyze the extent of the HbA1c testing and fundus examination, and 3592 diabetes patients’ data to analyze kidney disease screening. COVID-19 transmission levels were classified into low transmission (Busan, Gwangju, Daejeon, Ulsan, and Sejong) and high transmission (Daegu, where the first large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in Korea). Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to determine the association of COVID-19 transmission levels with undergoing HbA1c testing and diabetes complication screening. Results: The proportion of subjects who underwent complication screening of diabetes was lower in the high transmission region (low transmission vs. high transmission: 42.3% vs. 38.0% for fundus examination; 48.9% vs. 45.7% for kidney disease screening). A high COVID-19 transmission level was associated with decreased odds of undergoing fundus examination (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69–0.98) and kidney disease screening (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91). However, COVID-19 transmission levels were not significantly associated with undergoing HbA1c testing. Conclusion A high level of COVID-19 transmission was associated with a decrease in undergoing fundus examination and kidney disease screening. To fully realize the potential benefit of diabetes complication screenings, further effort is required to identify and address challenges to obtaining these screenings, especially in outbreak regions.

Rare endocrine diseases are complex conditions that require lifelong specialized care due to their chronic nature and associated long-term complications. In Korea, a lack of nationwide data on clinical practice and outcomes has limited progress in patient care. Therefore, the Multicenter Networks for Ideal Outcomes of Pediatric Rare Endocrine and Metabolic Disease (OUTSPREAD) study was initiated. This study involves 30 centers across Korea. The study aims to improve the long-term prognosis of Korean patients with rare endocrine diseases by collecting comprehensive clinical data, biospecimens, and patient-reported outcomes to identify complications and unmet needs in patient care. Patients with childhood-onset pituitary, adrenal, or gonadal disorders, such as craniopharyngioma, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and Turner syndrome were prioritized. The planned enrollment is 1,300 patients during the first study phase (2022–2024). Clinical, biochemical, and imaging data from diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up during 1980–2023 were retrospectively reviewed. For patients who agreed to participate in the prospective cohort, clinical data and biospecimens will be prospectively collected to discover ideal biomarkers that predict the effectiveness of disease control measures and prognosis. Patient-reported outcomes, including quality of life and depression scales, will be evaluated to assess psychosocial outcomes. Additionally, a substudy on CAH patients will develop a steroid hormone profiling method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to improve diagnosis and monitoring of treatment outcomes. This study will address unmet clinical needs by discovering ideal biomarkers, introducing evidence-based treatment guidelines, and ultimately improving long-term outcomes in the areas of rare endocrine and metabolic diseases.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission levels and undergoing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test and complication screenings among patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: We included a total of 3601 diabetes patients’ data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey to analyze the extent of the HbA1c testing and fundus examination, and 3592 diabetes patients’ data to analyze kidney disease screening. COVID-19 transmission levels were classified into low transmission (Busan, Gwangju, Daejeon, Ulsan, and Sejong) and high transmission (Daegu, where the first large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in Korea). Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to determine the association of COVID-19 transmission levels with undergoing HbA1c testing and diabetes complication screening. Results: The proportion of subjects who underwent complication screening of diabetes was lower in the high transmission region (low transmission vs. high transmission: 42.3% vs. 38.0% for fundus examination; 48.9% vs. 45.7% for kidney disease screening). A high COVID-19 transmission level was associated with decreased odds of undergoing fundus examination (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69–0.98) and kidney disease screening (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91). However, COVID-19 transmission levels were not significantly associated with undergoing HbA1c testing. Conclusion A high level of COVID-19 transmission was associated with a decrease in undergoing fundus examination and kidney disease screening. To fully realize the potential benefit of diabetes complication screenings, further effort is required to identify and address challenges to obtaining these screenings, especially in outbreak regions.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission levels and undergoing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test and complication screenings among patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: We included a total of 3601 diabetes patients’ data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey to analyze the extent of the HbA1c testing and fundus examination, and 3592 diabetes patients’ data to analyze kidney disease screening. COVID-19 transmission levels were classified into low transmission (Busan, Gwangju, Daejeon, Ulsan, and Sejong) and high transmission (Daegu, where the first large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in Korea). Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to determine the association of COVID-19 transmission levels with undergoing HbA1c testing and diabetes complication screening. Results: The proportion of subjects who underwent complication screening of diabetes was lower in the high transmission region (low transmission vs. high transmission: 42.3% vs. 38.0% for fundus examination; 48.9% vs. 45.7% for kidney disease screening). A high COVID-19 transmission level was associated with decreased odds of undergoing fundus examination (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69–0.98) and kidney disease screening (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91). However, COVID-19 transmission levels were not significantly associated with undergoing HbA1c testing. Conclusion A high level of COVID-19 transmission was associated with a decrease in undergoing fundus examination and kidney disease screening. To fully realize the potential benefit of diabetes complication screenings, further effort is required to identify and address challenges to obtaining these screenings, especially in outbreak regions.

Rare endocrine diseases are complex conditions that require lifelong specialized care due to their chronic nature and associated long-term complications. In Korea, a lack of nationwide data on clinical practice and outcomes has limited progress in patient care. Therefore, the Multicenter Networks for Ideal Outcomes of Pediatric Rare Endocrine and Metabolic Disease (OUTSPREAD) study was initiated. This study involves 30 centers across Korea. The study aims to improve the long-term prognosis of Korean patients with rare endocrine diseases by collecting comprehensive clinical data, biospecimens, and patient-reported outcomes to identify complications and unmet needs in patient care. Patients with childhood-onset pituitary, adrenal, or gonadal disorders, such as craniopharyngioma, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and Turner syndrome were prioritized. The planned enrollment is 1,300 patients during the first study phase (2022–2024). Clinical, biochemical, and imaging data from diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up during 1980–2023 were retrospectively reviewed. For patients who agreed to participate in the prospective cohort, clinical data and biospecimens will be prospectively collected to discover ideal biomarkers that predict the effectiveness of disease control measures and prognosis. Patient-reported outcomes, including quality of life and depression scales, will be evaluated to assess psychosocial outcomes. Additionally, a substudy on CAH patients will develop a steroid hormone profiling method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to improve diagnosis and monitoring of treatment outcomes. This study will address unmet clinical needs by discovering ideal biomarkers, introducing evidence-based treatment guidelines, and ultimately improving long-term outcomes in the areas of rare endocrine and metabolic diseases.

This study aimed to enhance the physicochemical properties of sodium iodide-based root filling materials, particularly solubility. In earlier developmental stages, the iodoformcontaining paste exhibited high antibacterial efficacy but failed to meet only the solubility requirement among the ISO 6876 criteria. Therefore, this study focused on enhancing the physicochemical properties of the paste under development, particularly centering on reducing its solubility. Four experimental groups were established, including three control group. The previously developed D30 paste was named the Oil 33 group, and the control group was named the Vitapex® group. The Oil 50 group, in which the oil content was increased, and the Oil 45L group, in which lanolin was incorporated. The physical properties (solubility, pH, flowability, and film thickness) of the four pastes were evaluated according to the ISO 6876 standards. No significant differences were observed between the Oil 45L and Vitapex® groups in any of the physical property evaluations. While the Oil 33 and Oil 50 groups met the ISO 6876 standards for flowability and film thickness, the Oil 45L group met all the physical properties. However, reducing the overall oil content may be necessary to enhance the antimicrobial properties. The result of the physicochemical experiments showed that the Oil 45L group with the newly formulated composition and incorporated lanolin exhibited low solubility meeting the ISO 6876 standard of ≤ 3%. We were able to develop a paste with more stable solubility than previous iodide-based root-filling materials. Therefore, the oil content must be further adjusted to improve its antimicrobial properties. If other physical properties also meet the ISO 6876 standards and demonstrate excellent results in cytotoxicity tests, this root filling material could potentially replace existing options.