Differentiated thyroid cancer demonstrates a wide range of clinical presentations, from very indolent cases to those with an aggressive prognosis. Therefore, diagnosing and treating each cancer appropriately based on its risk status is important. The Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) has provided and amended the clinical guidelines for thyroid cancer management since 2007. The main changes in this revised 2024 guideline include 1) individualization of surgical extent according to pathological tests and clinical findings, 2) application of active surveillance in low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, 3) indications for minimally invasive surgery, 4) adoption of World Health Organization pathological diagnostic criteria and definition of terminology in Korean, 5) update on literature evidence of recurrence risk for initial risk stratification, 6) addition of the role of molecular testing, 7) addition of definition of initial risk stratification and targeting thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations according to ongoing risk stratification (ORS), 8) addition of treatment of perioperative hypoparathyroidism, 9) update on systemic chemotherapy, and 10) addition of treatment for pediatric patients with thyroid cancer.

Extranodal Natural Killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, is a subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma mostly affects the nasal cavity and there has been no report of the disease’s occurrence at the base of tongue. Here we report a case of 43-year-old man who presented with a diffuse ulcerative lesion at the base of tongue. Because the patient had oral bleeding, tracheostomy and lingual artery ligation was performed via a transcervical approach to control bleeding and protect the upper airway. We performed a deep biopsy through the lateral pharyngotomy approach, and finally, the patient was diagnosed with extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. We report this rare case of extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma at the base of tongue with a literature review.

Background/Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in South Korea from 2005 to 2015. Methods: From 2005 to 2015, individuals with SLE were identified from the National Health Insurance database, which records information on almost all Koreans. SLE was defined according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10), code M32. The incidence was calculated per 100,000 person-years. The prevalence was calculated per 100,000 people and stratified by year, age group, sex, region, and income. Results: The annual prevalence of SLE increased slightly from 21.25/100,000 people in 2005 to 35.45/100,000 people in 2015. In contrast, the annual incidence of SLE decreased slightly from 5.42/100,000 person-years in 2005 to 3.6/100,000 person-years in 2015. The prevalence and incidence of SLE were 10- and 6-fold higher in women than in men, respectively. The peak age of prevalence and incidence was 30 to 39 years in 2005; in 2015, the peak age of prevalence was 30 to 49 years and of incidence was 20 to 49 years. Regional variation was observed in both incidence and prevalence of SLE. Jeju province showed the highest prevalence of SLE (44.54/100,000 person-years), and Gwangju province showed the highest incidence of SLE (6.98/100,000 person-years) in 2015. The income status did not affect the prevalence or incidence of SLE except in patients without income who received medical aid. Conclusions The incidence of SLE has declined, but the prevalence has increased in Korea in recent years. Peak age of SLE trend to right shift in Korea.

Extranodal Natural Killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, is a subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma mostly affects the nasal cavity and there has been no report of the disease’s occurrence at the base of tongue. Here we report a case of 43-year-old man who presented with a diffuse ulcerative lesion at the base of tongue. Because the patient had oral bleeding, tracheostomy and lingual artery ligation was performed via a transcervical approach to control bleeding and protect the upper airway. We performed a deep biopsy through the lateral pharyngotomy approach, and finally, the patient was diagnosed with extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. We report this rare case of extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma at the base of tongue with a literature review.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of anterior segment swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) for examining horizontal extraocular muscle thickness, distance from the corneal limbus to the insertion of the horizontal extraocular muscle (limbus to insertion distance), and scleral thickness in Korean pediatric strabismus patients. METHODS: This study included pediatric strabismus patients between 5 and 10 years of age. Children with any ocular disease other than strabismus or a history of ocular surgery were excluded. SS-OCT was used to measure horizontal extraocular muscle thickness, limbus to insertion distance, and scleral thickness. Eyes were classified into subgroups by sex, spherical equivalent of the refractive error (measured with cycloplegic refraction), and fixating/deviating eye. RESULTS: One patient initially included in this study was excluded due to poor cooperation. Of the remaining 35 eyes of 20 patients, 19 eyes (54.3%) were from male patients and 16 eyes (45.7%) were from female patients. The mean patient age was 7.86 ± 1.38 years. Lateral scleral thickness was greater in male eyes than in female eyes (p = 0.048). No other differences were noted between male and female children. Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences between fixating and deviating eyes or among spherical equivalent groups for any parameter examined. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior segment SS-OCT can successfully and comfortably measure horizontal extraocular muscle and scleral anatomy in children. These measurements may be helpful for treatment and follow-up of pediatric strabismus patients.
Child* ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Limbus Corneae ; Male ; Oculomotor Muscles ; Refractive Errors ; Sclera ; Strabismus ; Tomography, Optical Coherence*

No abstract available.
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure* ; Humans ; Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum*

PURPOSE: To evaluate ocular findings of patients with acute cerebral infarction by analyzing fluorescein angiography (FAG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with acute cerebral infarction. FAG was used to analyze arm to retina time and arteriovenous (AV) transit time. The peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) was analyzed using OCT, and the data were compared with those of patients diagnosed with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (control group). RESULTS: Seventy-three patients were included in the patient group, and 56 participants were in the control group. In 27% of the subjects in the patient group, retinal abnormality was incidentally identified. Atrial fibrillation (p < 0.050) was the only systemic disease with a significantly higher incidence in the patient group. AV transit time (p < 0.050) showed a significant delay in the patient group, but there was no significant difference in the arm to retina time. pRNFL thickness did not significantly differ between the ipsilateral and contralateral locations of brain lesion. In addition, there was no significant difference in the subgroup analysis according to cerebral ischemic territory and no correlation between the severity of symptoms and the findings of ophthalmologic examination. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with acute cerebral infarction show delayed AV transit time in FAG, and about 27% of them have unrecognized retinal abnormalities.
Arm ; Atrial Fibrillation ; Brain ; Cerebral Infarction* ; Epiretinal Membrane ; Fluorescein Angiography* ; Fluorescein* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Medical Records ; Nerve Fibers ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence*

OBJECTIVE: Traditionally, it is generally recommended that antiplatelet agent should be discontinued before surgery. However, decompressive craniectomy (DC) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is performed emergently in most cases. Therefore, DC cannot be delayed to the time when the effect of antiplatelet agent on bleeding tendency dissipates. In this study, we evaluated the effect of preinjury antiplatelet therapy on hemorrhagic complications after emergent DC in patients with TBI. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated patients with TBI who underwent emergent DC between 2006 and 2015. The patients were separated into two groups according to the use of preinjury antiplatelet agent: group 1 (patients taking antiplatelet agent) and group 2 (patients not taking antiplatelet agent). The rate of hemorrhagic complications (postoperative epidural or subdural hemorrhage, newly developed, or progression of preexisting contusion or intracerebral hemorrhage within the field of DC) and the rate of reoperation within 7 days after DC were compared between two groups. RESULTS: During the study period, DC was performed in 90 patients. Of them, 19 patients were taking antiplatelet agent before TBI. The rate of hemorrhagic complications was 52.6% (10/19) in group 1 and 46.5% (33/71) in group 2 (p=0.633). The rate of reoperation was 36.8% (7/19) in group 1 and 36.6% (26/71) in group 2 (p=0.986). No statistical difference was found between two groups. CONCLUSION: Preinjury antiplatelet therapy did not influence the rate of hemorrhagic complications and reoperation after DC. Emergent DC in patients with TBI should not be delayed because of preinjury antiplatelet therapy.
Brain Injuries* ; Cerebral Hemorrhage ; Contusions ; Decompressive Craniectomy* ; Hematoma, Subdural ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors ; Postoperative Hemorrhage ; Reoperation ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relation between ocular biometry and anthropometric parameters in Korean adults with cataracts METHODS: The preoperative medical data of 150 eyes (150 patients) who underwent cataract surgery from November 2015 to March 2016. Anthropometric parameters include height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Ocular biometry includes axial length, anterior chamber depth, corneal curvature, lens thickness and central corneal thickness. The relation between ocular biometry and anthropometric parameters was evaluated using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean age was 67.44 ± 10.83 years. The mean height, weight and BMI were 157.24 ± 9.16 cm, 60.50 ± 10.18 kg and 24.47 ± 3.59 kg/m2. The mean axial length, anterior chamber depth, corneal curvature, lens thickness and central corneal thickness were 23.51 ± 0.80 mm, 3.23 ± 0.42 mm, 44.49 ± 1.33 diopter, 4.44 ± 0.42 mm and 534.64 ± 31.90 µm. The height showed a significant positive relationship with axial length and anterior chamber depth and a significant negative relationship with average corneal curvature. However, there was no significant relationship with the central corneal thickness or lens thickness. The weight showed significant positive relationship with axial length. BMI was not related to any anthropometric parameters. Age showed a significant positive relationship with average corneal curvature and lens thickness and a negative relationship with height and anterior chamber depth. CONCLUSIONS: As height increases, the axial length and the anterior chamber depth increase and the corneal curvature become flatter. As age increases, the anterior chamber depth becomes shallower, the corneal curvature becomes steeper and the lens thickness increases.
Adult* ; Anterior Chamber ; Biometry* ; Body Height ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Cataract* ; Cornea ; Humans ; Linear Models

PURPOSE: To report a case treated with therapeutic keratoplasty using a cryo-preserved cornea in a patient with Candida albicans keratitis. CASE SUMMARY: A 77-year-old female visited our clinic because of left ocular pain and visual disturbance for 3 days. Microscopic slit lamp examination revealed a 1.2 mm sized round corneal epithelial defect with deep stromal infiltration, brownish pigmentation and signs of inflammation with cyclitic membranes in the anterior chamber. On suspicion of Candida keratitis, we performed penetrating keratoplasty using a cryo-preserved donor cornea in Optisol-GS® (Bausch & Lomb, Irvine, CA, USA) solution with excision of the infected iris and colony of the anterior chamber. After the procedure, injection of intravitreal or intracameral amphotericin B and voriconazole were administered alternately. At 2 weeks after the second surgery, infection signs disappeared. At the follow-up in the outpatient clinic, signs of infection were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic keratoplasty using a cryo-preserved donor cornea can be an immediate and effective therapeutic strategy for Candida albicans keratitis.
Aged ; Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Amphotericin B ; Anterior Chamber ; Candida albicans* ; Candida* ; Cornea* ; Corneal Transplantation* ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Iris ; Keratitis* ; Keratoplasty, Penetrating ; Membranes ; Pigmentation ; Slit Lamp ; Tissue Donors ; Voriconazole