Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of respiratory viral infection in infants and children. However, little is known about the contribution of monocytes to antiviral responses against RSV infection. We identified the IFN-β production of monocytes using IFN-β/YFP reporter mice. The kinetic analysis of IFN-β-producing cells in in vivo RSV-infected lung cells indicated that monocytes are recruited to the inflamed lung during the early phase of infection. These cells produced IFN-β via the myeloid differentiation factor 88-mediated pathway, rather than the TLR7- or mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein-mediated pathway. In addition, monocyte-ablated mice exhibited decreased numbers of IFN-γ-producing and RSV Ag-specific CD8 + T cells. Collectively, these data indicate that monocytes play pivotal roles in cytotoxic T-cell responses and act as type I IFN producers during RSV infection.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in bone marrow are pluripotent cells that can constitute the hematopoiesis system through self-renewal and differentiation into immune cells and red blood cells. To ensure a competent hematopoietic system for life, the maintenance of HSCs is tightly regulated. Although autophagy, a self-degradation pathway for cell homeostasis, is essential for hematopoiesis, the role of autophagy key protein Atg5 in HSCs has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we found that Atg5 deficiency in hematopoietic cells causes survival defects, resulting in severe lymphopenia and anemia in mice. In addition, the absolute numbers of HSCs and multiple-lineage progenitor cells were significantly decreased, and abnormal erythroid development resulted in reduced erythrocytes in blood of Vav_Atg5(−/−) mice. The proliferation of Lin⁻Sca-1⁺c-Kit⁺ HSCs was aberrant in bone marrow of Vav_Atg5(−/−) mice, and mature progenitors and terminally differentiated cells were also significantly altered. Furthermore, the reconstitution ability of HSCs in bone marrow chimeric mice was significantly decreased in the presence of Atg5 deficiency in HSCs. Mechanistically, impairment of autophagy-mediated clearance of damaged mitochondria was the underlying cause of the HSC functional defects. Taken together, these results define the crucial role of Atg5 in the maintenance and the reconstitution ability of HSCs.
Anemia ; Animals ; Autophagy ; Bone Marrow ; Erythrocytes ; Hematopoiesis ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; Hematopoietic System ; Homeostasis ; Lymphopenia ; Mice ; Mitochondria ; Stem Cells

OBJECTIVES: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is often comorbid with adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other psychiatric illnesses. When associated with other mental problems, the prognosis of the AUD can be more serious. This study shows research on the clinical and neuropsychological characteristics according to whether or not ADHD symptoms and AUD were comorbid. METHODS: MethodsA total of 64 adult inpatients who completed AUD scales about adult ADHD, alcohol dependence, depression, anxiety, and impulsiveness. They also completed neuropsychological tests about attention and executive function. According to the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale score, patients were categorized into two groups (ADHD symptom positive/negative group). RESULTS: Fourteen among the 64 subjects were part of the ADHD symptom positive group (21.9%). They had statistically significant shorter abstinence periods and a higher rate of history of 'rule violation during school' and 'physical damage in childhood' compared to the ADHD symptom negative group. CONCLUSION: The comorbidity rate with ADHD symptom in adult AUD is higher than the general population. The ADHD symptom positive group suffered from more severe and refractory AUD. Considering the more frequent history of rule violation during school in the ADHD symptom positive group, the association between ADHD and AUD may be mediated by conduct disorder. Therefore we suggest the necessity of careful evaluation and intervention in children and adolescents with ADHD and conduct disorder.
Adolescent ; Adult* ; Alcoholism ; Anxiety ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Conduct Disorder ; Depression ; Executive Function ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Inpatients ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Prognosis ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study was performed to compare the mucosal findings after esophagogastroduodenoscopy in two groups before and after the use of alendronate only and following administration of the enteric-coated alendronate (5 mg) and calcitriol (0.5 microg) combined drug (Maxmarvil, Yuyu Co.). METHODS: The study population consisted of 33 postmenopausal healthy female volunteers, aged 50 to 70 years (mean age, 58 +/- 5) without gastrointestinal symptoms and with normal baseline endoscopic findings. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed at baseline and was repeated 2 weeks later after daily intake of Maxmarvil (n = 17 subjects) or alendronate only (n = 16 subjects). Mucosal injury scores were reported by an endoscopist after 2 weeks of treatment with each medication schedule. RESULTS: Esophageal mucosal injuries developed in two of 16 subjects in the alendronate only group and 0 of 17 in the Maxmarvil group. Gastric mucosal injuries developed in eight subjects in the alendronate group and four subjects in the Maxmarvil group; this difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The mucosal damage scores for the alendronate group (total score 24) were significantly higher than those for the Maxmarvil group (total score 9) in the esophagus and stomach. Therefore, this study suggested that enteric-coated Maxmarvil is less harmful to gastrointestinal mucosa than alendronate, and may improve the tolerability of osteoporosis medication in clinical practice.
Administration, Oral ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Alendronate/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Bone Density Conservation Agents/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Calcitriol/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Drug Combinations ; *Endoscopy, Digestive System ; Esophagus/*drug effects/pathology ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa/*drug effects/pathology ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; *Postmenopause ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Republic of Korea ; Sex Factors ; Tablets, Enteric-Coated ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Vitamins/administration & dosage/*adverse effects

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The relationship between Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) gene inactivation and various solid tumors has been reported; however, little information is available about RUNX3 in thyroid cancers. METHODS: We evaluated the DNA methylation of RUNX3 in 13 papillary thyroid cancer tissues and four thyroid cancer cell lines. Additionally, using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, we analyzed RUNX3 gene expression in several thyroid cancer cell lines after treating with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC). RESULTS: RUNX3 was hypermethylated in many thyroid cancer cell lines and in 10 of the 12 papillary thyroid cancer tissues. Treatment with DAC increased the expression of RUNX3 in some thyroid cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that RUNX3 is associated with thyroid carcinogenesis, and RUNX3 methylation is a potentially useful diagnostic marker for papillary thyroid cancer.
Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Carcinoma/*genetics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit/*genetics ; DNA Methylation/drug effects ; Gene Expression/drug effects ; Humans ; Thyroid Neoplasms/*genetics ; Tumor Markers, Biological/genetics

We present a case of ileal stenosis with delayed presentation 3 months after car accident. Ileal stenosis after blunt abdominal trauma is a rare clinical entity. We present CT and small bowel series 3 months after trauma. Image showed segmental thickening of intestinal wall and proximal bowel dilation. At surgery, a stenotic bowel loop was adjacent to a fibrotic mesentery. Histological examination showed ulcers, inflammatory cells and fibroblasts infiltrated to the muscularis mucosae, submucosa, and mesentery. The most likely cause, supported by most authors, implicates an injury to the mesentery. Post-traumatic ischemic bowel stenosis may result from even small tears and contusions of mesentery. Posttraumatic intestinal stenosis should be included in the differential diagnosis in a patient with a history of blunt abdominal trauma and signs of intestinal obstruction.

The incidence of serious cardiac complications associated with esophagogastro-duodenoscopic examination is very rare. An episode of cardiac arrest developed in 49-year-old during endoscopic examination. The patient had no history of pulmonary or ischemic heart disease. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation, he recovered completely. In this patient, we were able to demonstrate a focal spasm by coronary angiography.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Vasospasm* ; Endoscopy, Digestive System* ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Incidence ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Spasm

The incidence of serious cardiac complications associated with esophagogastro-duodenoscopic examination is very rare. An episode of cardiac arrest developed in 49-year-old during endoscopic examination. The patient had no history of pulmonary or ischemic heart disease. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation, he recovered completely. In this patient, we were able to demonstrate a focal spasm by coronary angiography.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Vasospasm* ; Endoscopy, Digestive System* ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Incidence ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Spasm

A 43 years old woman with a previous history of healed tuberculosis presented with a recurrent hemoptysis. On a broncoscopy inspection, three nodular shaped mass-like lesions (0.5cm in diameter) were found on the right lower lobar bronchus. Massive hemoptysis occurred when the specimen were taken during bronchoscopy. The bleeding could not be controlled by non-surgical treatment. Consequently, she underwent a right lower lobectomy in order to control the bleeding. The patient died of respiratory failure 3 days later. A brochoscopic biopsy revealed an abnormal blood vessel just beneath the bronchial respiratory epithelium.
Female ; Humans ; Biopsy

A 43 years old woman with a previous history of healed tuberculosis presented with a recurrent hemoptysis. On a broncoscopy inspection, three nodular shaped mass-like lesions (0.5cm in diameter) were found on the right lower lobar bronchus. Massive hemoptysis occurred when the specimen were taken during bronchoscopy. The bleeding could not be controlled by non-surgical treatment. Consequently, she underwent a right lower lobectomy in order to control the bleeding. The patient died of respiratory failure 3 days later. A brochoscopic biopsy revealed an abnormal blood vessel just beneath the bronchial respiratory epithelium.
Female ; Humans ; Biopsy