Animal experimentation constitutes a critical link between basic research and clinical application, making its research quality and translational efficiency paramount. Although considerable progress has been made in standardizing operational procedures and ethical guidelines, the standardization of outcome evaluation systems has significantly lagged, creating a key bottleneck that constrains the quality of biomedical research and evidence synthesis. This deficiency is manifested by pronounced heterogeneity in outcome selection across similar studies, incomplete methodological reporting, and disparate criteria for result interpretation, which severely impairs the comparability of findings and the evidence integration. To cope with this challenge, this paper systematically introduces a mature methodological tool from clinical research–the core outcome set (COS)–and explores its construction strategies and application potential in the field of animal experimentation. Given the extensive diversity of animal experiments, a pragmatic strategy of "focusing on key areas, implementing phased pilots, and promoting gradual expansion" should be adopted. This approach prioritizes the development of domain-specific COS for disease areas characterized by high research volume, urgent translational needs, and well-established animal models. A multi-source integration pathway for COS development is detailed, comprising systematic literature searches, methodological appraisals, and expert consensus, with the feasibility of leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance efficiency also being examined. The development and promotion of such COS are not intended to restrict scientific exploration; rather, they aim to establish a new, tiered evaluation paradigm consisting of "core outcomes" (mandatory), "recommended outcomes" (encouraged), and "exploratory outcomes" (optional). This framework is expected not only to enhance research quality through standardization and to adhere to the "3R" principles but also to accelerate the accumulation of high-quality evidence. This, in turn, provides a solid foundation for higher-level evidence synthesis, ultimately facilitating the effective translation of basic research findings into clinical practice and providing an essential methodological framework for scientific advancement in relevant disciplines.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world， and its incidence rate is also rising in China and tends to happen in younger age groups. The classical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is an important target in the treatment of breast cancer， playing a key role in the whole process of breast cancer development by regulating the expression of related signal proteins and genes. Traditional Chinese medicine has a profound history and practical experience in the treatment of malignant tumors， and the development of modern technology further highlights the therapeutic advantages of traditional Chinese medicine， which has multiple targets and components. Research shows that Chinese medicine can effectively slow down the proliferation of breast cancer cells by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway， and has a significant inhibitory effect on the development of breast cancer. Based on this， this paper summarized domestic and foreign relevant studies on the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway with traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of breast cancer， analyzed the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine treating breast cancer by intervening in this signaling pathway， and summarized 44 different types of traditional Chinese medicine monomers， including terpenes （triptolide， andrographolide， etc.）， flavonoids （scutellarin， sinensetin， etc.）， polysaccharides （Angelica sinensis polysaccharides， etc.）， phenols （curcumin， polydatin， etc.）， and alkaloids （lycorine， etc.）. In addition， there are 3 traditional Chinese medicines （Ganoderma lucidum， Radix actinidia chinensis， and Antrodia camphorata）， 1 group of medicine pairs （Trionycis Carapax-Zedoary Turmeric）， and 8 traditional Chinese medicine formulas （Compound Tubeimu， Huangqi Jiedu Tang， Xihuang Wan， Liuwei Dihuang Wan， Jiazhu Tang， Aiduqing Fang， Sini San， and compound Kushen injection）. By regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and its key molecules， these single herbs， monomers， and compound herbs can reverse the epithelial mesenchymal transformation process， reduce the activity of stem cells， and inhibit the growth and metastasis of cancer cells. Besides， it can also enhance the sensitivity of drugs and radiotherapy and combat breast cancer， providing a new perspective for drug development and treatment strategies for breast cancer.

Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that primarily arises from the epithelial tissue of the prostate in men. With the aggravation of population aging in China， the incidence rate of this disease has been continuously rising. Although the exact cause of prostate cancer remains unclear， it has been proven to be closely related to various factors， including individual genetic susceptibility， genetic mutations， dietary habits， and lifestyle. Research has shown that abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway also plays an important role in the occurrence and development of prostate cancer. Multiple experimental results have revealed that traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， with its multi-target and multi-stage mechanisms of action， exerts significant regulatory effects on key biological processes such as proliferation， migration， invasion， angiogenesis， and epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） of prostate cancer cells. TCM has shown excellent potential in preventing prostate cancer progression and improving patient prognosis and has become a research focus in prostate cancer treatment in recent years. Based on this， this study reviewed the research on the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by TCM in the treatment of prostate cancer at home and abroad. It analyzed the mechanisms by which TCM intervention exerts anti-prostate cancer effects via this signaling pathway， identifying 29 different types of active ingredients in TCM， including alkaloids （e.g.， capsaicin， berberine）， flavonoids （e.g.， icariin and hyperoside）， polyphenols （e.g.， gastrodin and honokiol）， terpenes （e.g.， oridonin）， quinones （e.g.， aloe-emodin）， coumarins （e.g.， agrimonolide）， and saponins （e.g.， saikosaponin-d）. Additionally， one TCM medicinal substance （arsenic）， one drug pair （Danggui - Qieyi combination）， and two TCM formulae （Yishen Tonglong Tang and Guben Qingyuan Formula） were included. The study aims to deepen the understanding of the pathological mechanism of prostate cancer and to explore possible therapeutic targets， thereby providing new perspectives and approaches for clinical research and new drug development， and ultimately promoting the advancement and innovation of prostate cancer treatment strategies.

Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that primarily arises from the epithelial tissue of the prostate in men. With the aggravation of population aging in China， the incidence rate of this disease has been continuously rising. Although the exact cause of prostate cancer remains unclear， it has been proven to be closely related to various factors， including individual genetic susceptibility， genetic mutations， dietary habits， and lifestyle. Research has shown that abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway also plays an important role in the occurrence and development of prostate cancer. Multiple experimental results have revealed that traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， with its multi-target and multi-stage mechanisms of action， exerts significant regulatory effects on key biological processes such as proliferation， migration， invasion， angiogenesis， and epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） of prostate cancer cells. TCM has shown excellent potential in preventing prostate cancer progression and improving patient prognosis and has become a research focus in prostate cancer treatment in recent years. Based on this， this study reviewed the research on the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by TCM in the treatment of prostate cancer at home and abroad. It analyzed the mechanisms by which TCM intervention exerts anti-prostate cancer effects via this signaling pathway， identifying 29 different types of active ingredients in TCM， including alkaloids （e.g.， capsaicin， berberine）， flavonoids （e.g.， icariin and hyperoside）， polyphenols （e.g.， gastrodin and honokiol）， terpenes （e.g.， oridonin）， quinones （e.g.， aloe-emodin）， coumarins （e.g.， agrimonolide）， and saponins （e.g.， saikosaponin-d）. Additionally， one TCM medicinal substance （arsenic）， one drug pair （Danggui - Qieyi combination）， and two TCM formulae （Yishen Tonglong Tang and Guben Qingyuan Formula） were included. The study aims to deepen the understanding of the pathological mechanism of prostate cancer and to explore possible therapeutic targets， thereby providing new perspectives and approaches for clinical research and new drug development， and ultimately promoting the advancement and innovation of prostate cancer treatment strategies.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of peritoneolaparoscopic single position nephreteral total length resection(PSPNTLR)and posterior laparoscopic subabdominal incision technique(PLSIT)in the treatment of upper urothelial carcinoma(UTUC).Methods A total of 82 UTUC patients treated in our hospital during Jan.2018 and Feb.2021 were divided into the observation group(n=41,treated with PSPNTLR)and control group(n=41,treated with PLSIT)according to the random number table method.Perioperative indicators,pain degree,inflammatory factors,bladder recurrence and distant metastasis were compared between the two groups.Results The operation time[(122.15±15.14)min vs.(160.88±17.26)min],hospitalization time[(10.07±2.14)d vs.(12.22±3.13)d]and postoperative exhaust time[(1.46±0.57)d vs.(3.10±0.88)d]were significantly shorter,the intraoperative blood loss[(42.85±4.88)mL vs.(78.22±8.17)mL]and drainage volume[(53.61±9.74)mL vs.(81.56±11.06)mL]were significantly less in the observation group than in the control group(P＜0.05).The visual analogue score(VAS)of the observation group at 6,12 and 24 h after operation was significantly lower than that of the control group(P＜0.05).The levels of interleukin-6(IL-6)and C-reactive protein(CRP)were increased in both groups one day after surgery,but the indexes were increased more significantly in the control group(P＜0.05).During the 2-year follow-up after surgery,there were no statistical difference in bladder recurrence(12.20％vs.14.63％)and distant metastasis(9.76％vs.4.88％)between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Both PSPNTLR and PLSIT have good therapeutic safety,but PSPNTLR is more effective in improving perioperative indicators,reducing postoperative pain,and inhibiting inflammatory factors.

OBJECTIVE To explore the role of Yes-associated protein(YAP)in epidermal stem cell(EPSC)differentiation after ionizing radiation(IR).METHODS ① A punch was used to induce skin injuries on the back of mice.The IR group received localized irradiation with 60 Co γ-rays,while the normal control group did not.Samples were collected at 0,1,3,6,9,and 12 d for RNA and protein extraction.Western blotting was used to detect changes in YAP protein expressions during wound healing.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)was performed to assess the mRNA levels of Yap and its downstream target genes,connective tissue growth factor(Ctgf),and cysteine-rich protein 61(Cyr61).② EPSCs were exposed to 60 Co γ at a dose of 4 or 8 Gy,while the control group was not irradiated.Cells were collected to detect the levels of YAP protein via Western blotting.Cells were collected at 4,12,24,and 36 h post-IR to assess the levels of YAP mRNA by RT-qPCR.③ Short hairpin RNA(shRNA)was used to establish stable YAP knockdown cell lines,and the knockdown efficiency of sh YAP was verified by Western blotting.RT-qPCR was then performed to detect the impact of YAP knockdown on mRNA levels of K1 and K10 after IR.RESULTS① Compared with the control group,the YAP protein level in the IR group during wound healing was significantly reduced(P<0.05,P<0.01),so were the mRNA levels of Yap and its downstream target genes Ctgf and Cyr61(P<0.05,P<0.01).② Compared to the cell control group,the mRNA and protein levels of YAP in the IR group cells were significantly reduced(P<0.01).③ In the sh YAP cells,the YAP protein level was significantly reduced(P<0.01).Furthermore,the mRNA levels of K1 and K10 were significantly decreased after IR in sh YAP cells(P<0.01).CONCLUSION YAP can regulate EPSC differentiation in wound healing after IR.

Objective: To explore the changes in ribosomal DNA copy number in peripheral blood among patients with pneumoconiosis and its influencing factors, so as to provide insights into prevention and treatment of pneumoconiosis. Methods: Eighty-eight patients with pneumoconiosis who visited a designated hospital and 71 community residents with no history of pneumoconiosis or dust exposure were selected as the pneumoconiosis group and control group, and age, smoking history, drinking history and cumulative years of exposure to dust were collected through questionnaire surveys. The copy number of 45S rDNA and 5S rDNA was detected using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, and the differences between the two groups were compared. Factors affecting the copy number of 45S rDNA and 5S rDNA were identified by a multiple linear regression model. Results: The pneumoconiosis group had a median age of 56.00 (interquartile range, 15.25) and a mean cumulative dust exposure duration of (12.40±8.08) years, with 56.82% smoking and 62.50% drinking. The control group had a median age of 64.00 (interquartile range, 37.00) years, with 32.39% smoking and 26.76% drinking. The median copy number of 45S rDNA in the pneumoconiosis group was 1.29 (interquartile range, 0.59), which was lower than 2.10 (interquartile range, 1.88) in the control group; the median copy number of 5S rDNA in the pneumoconiosis group was 5.33 (interquartile range, 0.85), which was higher than 4.66 (1.34) in the control group (both P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis identified age (β=-0.034) and pneumoconiosis (β=-1.595) as factors affecting 45S rDNA copy number, age (β=-0.013) as a factor affecting 5S rDNA copy number, and age (β=0.018) as a factor affecting 5S rDNA copy number in the pneumoconiosis group (all P<0.05). Conclusions Compared with community residents with no history of pneumoconiosis or dust exposure, the copy number of 45S rDNA in peripheral blood among patients with pneumoconiosis is reduced and the copy number of 5S rDNA is increased.

Objective To evaluate early outcomes of transthoracic pulmonary valve implantation for the treatment of moderate and severe pulmonary regurgitation by using homemade self-expanding valve (SalusTM). Methods Patients with severe pulmonary regurgitation who underwent transthoracic pulmonary valve implantation in Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital from September 2, 2021 to November 25, 2022 were prospectively enrolled. The early postoperative complications and improvement of valve and heart function were summarized and analyzed. Results A total of 25 patients were enrolled, including 16 males and 9 females, with an average age of 24.5±1.5 years and an average weight of 57.0±3.0 kg. The mean systolic diameters of the bifurcation near the main pulmonary artery, the stenosis of the middle segment of the aorta and near the valve of the right ventricular outflow tract of the patients were 31.8±7.4 mm, 30.6±5.9 mm and 38.4±8.0 mm, respectively. All patients were successfully implanted with valves, and there were no serious complications such as death, coronary compression, stent fracture, valve displacement and infective endocarditis in the early postoperative period. The indexed left atrial longitudinal diameter, indexed right atrial longitudinal diameter, and indexed right ventricular outflow tract anteroposterior diameter decreased significantly after the operation. The degree of tricuspid and pulmonary valve regurgitation and the indexed regurgitation area decreased significantly. The above differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The early outcomes of transthoracic pulmonary valve implantation with homemade self-expanding pulmonary valve (SalusTM) in the treatment of severe pulmonary regurgitation is relatively good, and the long-term outcomes need to be verified by the long-term follow-up studies with large samples.

AIM:To investigate the mechanism of hyperplasia of mammary gland(HMG)and the potential differential metabolites in rats based on the serum metabolomics assessment by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS).METHODS:Twelve specific-pathogen-free(SPF)-grade female Wistar rats were randomly and equally as-signed to the normal and model groups.The model group received intramuscular injections of estradiol benzoate(0.5 mg·kg-1·d-1)for 21 d,followed by intramuscular injections of progesterone(4 mg·kg-1·d-1)for 7 d for preparing the HMG model.The body weight and nipple diameter of the rats were measured,and the histopathological changes in their mamma-ry gland were monitored.After the successful establishment of the model,rat serum was collected for LC-MS metabolomics analysis,the differential metabolites in the serum of the normal and model group rats were analyzed by principal compo-nent analysis(PCA)and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA),and the metabolic pathway analysis of dif-ferential markers through the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)open database was performed.RE-SULTS:Compared with the normal rats in the control group,no significant change was observed in the body weight(P>0.05),the diameter of the nipple was significantly enlarged(P<0.01),the hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining section of the mammary gland displayed typical HMG morphology,which together indicated that the modeling was successful.The metabolic patterns of the serum samples from both groups were significantly different,and 30 potentially differential metab-olites were identified based on the variable importance in projection(VIP)≥2.0 and P<0.05,mainly including 3-dehydro-cholic acid,alcoholic acid,glycocholate-3-sulfate,glycine-deoxycholan-3-sulfate,glycine-deoxycholan-3-sulfate,3a,7b,and 12a trihydroxycholan-3-sulfate,cholic acid,and glycolic acid.Further receiver operating characteristic(ROC)analysis revealed that the area under the curve(AUC)of the 13 metabolites was>0.9,implying the possible high sensitiv-ity for the diagnosis of HMG.According to the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis,most of the differential metabolites were mainly concentrated in aldosterone synthesis and secretion,sphingomyelin metabolism,arachidonic acid metabo-lism,apoptosis and cholesterol metabolism.CONCLUSION:The pathogenesis of estrogen-and progesterone-induced HMG in rats may be related to the altered bile acids,their derivatives metabolism,and the lipid metabolism pathways.The 13 differential metabolites identified by serum metabolomics with high sensitivity may thus provide a reference for the diagnosis of HMG.

Objective: To investigate the effect of chrysotile exposure on ribosomal DNA (rDNA) copy number and DNA damage response, so as to provide insights into the mechanism of asbestos-induced carcinogenesis. Methods: Human pleural mesothelial MeT-5A cells were treated with chrysotile suspensions at doses of 1.25, 2.5 and 5 μg/cm2 (low-, medium-, high-dose group), while PBS served as controls. MeT-5A cells were harvested 6, 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment, and the rDNA copy numbers and the BIRC5, HRAS, GINS4 and RRM2 mRNA expression were determined using a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay. The apoptosis of MeT-5A cells and DNA damage were detected using Muse cell analyzer. The rDNA copy numbers, DNA damage responses and BIRC5, HRAS, GINS4 and RRM2 mRNA expression were compared in MeT-5A cells treated with different doses of chrysotile suspensions. Results: There were significant differences in 45S rDNA copy numbers among low-, medium-, high-dose groups and the control groups 6, 48 and 72 h post-treatment with chrysotile suspensions, and significantly lower 45S rDNA copy numbers were measured in low-, medium- and high-dose groups than in the control group 6 h post-treatment, while significantly higher 45S rDNA copy numbers were found in the high-dose group than in low- and medium-dose groups 48 and 72 h post-treatment (all P<0.05). There were significant differences in 5S rDNA copy numbers among low-, medium-, high-dose groups and the control groups 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment with chrysotile suspensions, and significantly lower 5S rDNA copy numbers were measured in medium- and high-dose groups than in the control group 24 and 48 h post-treatment, while significantly lower 5S rDNA copy numbers were found in medium- and high-dose groups than in the low-dose group 24, 72 h post-treatment (all P<0.05). There were significant differences in the overall apoptotic rate of MeT-5A cells among groups at different time points, and the overall apoptotic rate of MeT-5A cells were significantly higher in medium- and high-dose groups than in the control group (all P<0.05), with late-stage apoptosis predominantly detected. There were significant differences in the rates of ATM activation and DNA double-strand break in MeT-5A cells among groups 72 h post-treatment, and higher rates of ATM activation and DNA double-strand break were measured in medium- and high-dose groups than in the control group (all P<0.05). In addition, there were significant differences in the relative mRNA expression of BIRC5, HRAS, GINS4 and RRM2 genes among groups 24 and 48 h post-treatment, and significantly lower BIRC5, HRAS, GINS4 and RRM2 mRNA expression was quantified in medium- and high-dose groups than in the control group (all P<0.05). Conclusion Exposure to chrysotile may induce rDNA copy number variations and altered expression of nucleolar proteins in human pleural mesothelial cells, which may be involved in the regulation of DNA damage responses.