According to the work goals and tasks determined by edition outline of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition, the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 has been completed. Among them, 52 new pharmaceutical excipients monographs have been added, and the total number has reached 387. 245 pharmaceutical excipients monographs have been revised, of which 109 monographs have only textual revisions and 136 monographs have substantive revisions. This article focuses on the general framework and the main characteristics of the standards of pharmaceutical excipients in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025, which can contribute to accurately understand and utilize the standards in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

According to the work goals and tasks determined by edition outline of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition, the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition has been completed. Among them, 52 new pharmaceutical excipients monographs have been added, an increase of 15.5% compared with the 2020 Edition, and the total number has reached 387. This article focuses on the general framework and the main characteristics of the standards of pharmaceutical excipients in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition, which can contribute to accurately understand and utilize the standards in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

To investigate the effect of baicalin (BAI)-loaded cross-linked lipoic acid nanocapsules (BAI@cLANCs) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced senescence in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), this study examined the toxicity of BAI@cLANCs on HUVECs by MTT method. The cell nuclear staining, SA-β-gal staining, and MTT methods were used to assess the optimal concentration of H2O2-induced senescence in HUVECs. The cellular uptake of BAI@cLANCs was evaluated using fluorescence microscopy imaging and flow cytometry. The proportion of cellular senescence was determined by SA-β-gal staining. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in senescent cells was detected by fluorescence microscopy imaging and multifunctional microplate reader. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cells was detected by lipid oxidation detection kit, and the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining. The results showed that BAI@cLANCs had no significant effect on the growth of HUVECs in the range of BAI at 2.80−112 mmol/L. 200 μmol/L and 25 minutes were the ideal conditions for H2O2-induced senescence of HUVECs. cLANCs as drug delivery carriers significantly enhanced the uptake efficiency of BAI in HUVECs. Compared with the normal group, the H2O2 model group showed decreased cell viability, increased positive SA-β-gal staining rate, increased ROS and MDA content, as well as increased percentage of cells blocked in S phase and decreased cells entering G2/M phase. Compared with the H2O2 model group, BAI, cLANCs, BAI + cLANCs, and BAI@cLANCs groups showed increased cell viability, decreased positive SA-β-gal staining rate, decreased ROS and MDA content, decreased percentage of S-phase cells, and increased cells entering G2/M phase, with the best anti-aging effect in the BAI@cLANCs group. In summary, the results above showed that both BAI and cLANCs have anti-aging properties. With cLANCs as drug carriers, the anti-aging benefits of BAI@cLANCs are synergistic and can effectively delay H2O2-induced senescence of HUVECs.

Objective: To explore the association between lifestyle and fat mass index (FMI) in different positions of children and adolescents aged 7-18, so as to provide a scientific basis for health promotion in children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 1 531 students aged 7-18 was selected by intentional sampling from 4 schools in Tongzhou District, Beijing from September to December in 2020 and August in 2022. Questionnaire survey was used to collect lifestyle including dietary behavior, moderate to vigorous physical activity, smoke and drink behaviors, sleep time and sleep quality. Dual energy Xray absorptiometry was employed to assess fat mass, and calculated total, android, trunk, hip, gynoid and leg fat mass index (FMI). The ttest and Chisquare test were used to compare the differences of different lifestyle. Logistic regression was used to analysis association between lifestyle and body composition in different positions. Results: Compared with healthy lifestyle, unhealthy lifestyle had higher risk for hightrunk FMI (OR=1.40, P<0.05). After adjusted for sex and age, unhealthy lifestyle had higher risk for hightotal FMI, highandroid FMI, hightrunk FMI (OR=1.37, 1.37, 1.50, P<0.05), compared with healthy lifestyle. Stratified analysis found the associations between unhealthy lifestyle and hightotal FMI, highandroid FMI, hightrunk FMI, and highthigh FMI were only significant in girls with 7-12 years old (OR=2.13, 2.46, 2.13, 2.13, P<0.05). Conclusions Unhealthy lifestyle is associated with hightotal FMI, highandroid FMI and hightrunk FMI. A healthy lifestyle should be maintained during puberty, especially before puberty, to help children and adolescents reduce body fat and promote a balanced distribution of body composition.

The Piezo protein is a non-selective mechanosensitive cation channel that exhibits sensitivity to mechanical stimuli such as pressure and shear stress. It converts mechanical signals into bioelectric activity within cells, thus triggering specific biological responses. In the digestive system, Piezo protein plays a crucial role in maintaining normal physiological activities, including digestion, absorption, metabolic regulation, and immune modulation. However, dysregulation in Piezo protein expression may lead to the occurrence of several pathological conditions, including visceral hypersensitivity, impairment of intestinal mucosal barrier function, and immune inflammation.Therefore, conducting a comprehensive review of the physiological functions and pathological roles of Piezo protein in the digestive system is of paramount importance. In this review, we systematically summarize the structural and dynamic characteristics of Piezo protein, its expression patterns, and physiological functions in the digestive system. We particularly focus on elucidating the mechanisms of action of Piezo protein in digestive system tumor diseases, inflammatory diseases, fibrotic diseases, and functional disorders. Through the integration of the latest research findings, we have observed that Piezo protein plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various digestive system diseases. There exist intricate interactions between Piezo protein and multiple phenotypes of digestive system tumors such as proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. In inflammatory diseases, Piezo protein promotes intestinal immune responses and pancreatic trypsinogen activation, contributing to the development of ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and pancreatitis. Additionally, Piezo1, through pathways involving co-action with the TRPV4 ion channel, facilitates neutrophil recruitment and suppresses HIF-1α ubiquitination, thereby mediating organ fibrosis in organs like the liver and pancreas. Moreover, Piezo protein regulation by gut microbiota or factors like age and gender can result in increased or decreased visceral sensitivity, and alterations in intestinal mucosal barrier structure and permeability, which are closely associated with functional disorders like irritable bowel sydrome (IBS) and functional consitipaction (FC). A thorough exploration of Piezo protein as a potential therapeutic target in digestive system diseases can provide a scientific basis and theoretical support for future clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies.

AIM: To understand the visual acuity and spectacle usage among primary and secondary school students in Xi'an city, providing scientific evidence for making myopia prevention and control efforts.METHODS:Vision screening and spectacles usage survey was conducted on 38 226 students in 119 primary and secondary schools from 16 counties and districts in Xi'an city, and uncorrected visual acuity, refractive power, glasses wearing rate, full correction rate were statistically analyzed.RESULTS:The myopia rate among primary and secondary school students in Xi'an city is 61.53%, showing an increasing trend as the grade level goes up(χ2trend=5332.203, P<0.01). Among them, the proportion of mild myopia decreases with the increase of grade level, while the proportion of moderate and high myopia shows an upward trend with the increase of grade level(χ2trend=2671.562, P<0.01). The glasses wearing rate among myopic students is 51.69%, showing an upward trend as the grade level goes up(χ2trend=1486.941, P<0.01). The spectacle prescription rate for female students is higher than that for male students(χ2=23.659, P<0.01), and the rate in urban areas is higher than that in suburban counties(χ2=102.241, P<0.01). The full correction rate among students wearing glasses is 67.08%, and the rate for students wearing glasses in urban areas is higher than that in suburban counties(χ2=4.980, P<0.05). Among myopic students, 63.66% had undergone visual acuity checks more than or equal to twice in the past year, with vocational high school students having the lowest frequency of twice vision screenings, accounting for 58.06%. There is a negative correlation between myopic students residing in suburban counties and their glasses wearing rate, while a higher grade level and increased frequency of annual vision checks are positively correlated with the glasses wearing rate among myopic students(all P<0.01).CONCLUSION:The situation of students' myopia prevention and control is severe in Xi'an city, with low rates of spectacles usage, full correction, and frequency of visual checks. Special attention needs to be paid to the vision correction status of students in suburban counties, primary schools, and vocational high schools.

The MADS-box gene family is a very important transcriptional regulator gene, which plays a role in the whole growth and development process of plants. The APETALA1 (AP1) gene is considered to play an important regulatory role in the transformation of plant flowering, but also to control the characteristic development of floral organs. Lonicera macranthoides is used as medicine with dry buds and early flowers. Therefore, studying the potential mechanism of AP1 gene in regulating flower organ development can provide a basis for improving its medicinal value by molecular means. To explore the potential mechanism of the AP1 gene in the regulation of floral organ development in L. macranthoides, the full-length cDNA of the AP1 was cloned by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and named LmMADS4. The results show that the CDS of the LmMADS4 gene is 729 bp and encodes 242 amino acids, and the LmMADS4 protein contains no signal peptide and no transmembrane structure, which is an unstable hydrophilic protein. Through homologous sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, LmMADS4 and L. japonica MADS27 protein cluster into one class and are closely related. Finally, the expression pattern and protein interaction pattern of LmMADS4 were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and yeast two-hybrid technology. The qRT-PCR showed that LmMADS4 gene was differentially expressed in the stems, leaves and flower bud at different developmental stages, including bud type variety Longhua and common variety Baiyun; and LmMADS4 gene was highly expressed in the flower buds, and with the development of flower buds, LmMADS4 gene was continuously up-regulated in the flower bud variety Longhua, however, the expression level of LmMADS4 in the Baiyun terminal flower bud was lower than that in the late flower bud, but the difference was not significant. The yeast two-hybrid results showed that the bait vector pGBKT7-LmMADS4 was not toxic to yeast strains and had no self-activating activity. LmMADS4 protein interacted with LmSVP1, LmSVP3 and LmSOC1s proteins. This study can provide a theoretical basis for exploring the mechanism of long flower bud stage and corolla non-unfolding at the molecular level and variety improvement of L. macranthoides.

MADS-box protein family are important transcriptional regulatory factors in plant growth and development. The AGAMOUS 12 (AGL12) subfamily is believed to play an important regulatory role in the process of plant flowering transition. To explore the potential mechanism of AGL12 subfamily involved in regulating the flower development of Lonicera macranthoides, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), prokaryotic expression and yeast two-hybrid techniques were used to analyze the expression pattern, protein expression, and protein-protein interaction pattern of LmAGL12 based on transcriptome data. The results showed that the LmAGL12 gene contains a 603 bp open reading frame (ORF), encoding 200 amino acids, and the encoded protein was stable and hydrophilic without a transmembrane region and signal peptide. Through homologous sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, it was confirmed that LmAGL12 protein belongs to the MADS-box protein family and is closely related to the AGL12 protein of Heracleum sosnowskyi and Daucus carota subsp. sativus. The LmAGL12 gene was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a and the recombinant constructs were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), which inducing the target protein successfully. The yeast two-hybrid results showed that LmAGL12 protein interacts with LmSVP protein, LmSOC1 protein and LmAP1 protein, respectively. The qRT-PCR results showed that LmAGL12 gene were differentially expressed in different development stages of flower bud, stem, and leaves of 'Longhua' and 'Baiyun' in L. macranthoides. The LmAGL12 gene showed the highest expression level in the middle stage of the 'Longhua' floral bud; For the 'Baiyun' variety, the relative expression level of LmAGL12 gene is the highest in the stem. This study cloned the LmAGL12 gene in L. macranthoides and analyzed it expression for the first time, enriching the research on flower organ development and providing a research basis for further exploring the molecular mechanisms of long bud stage and non-unfolded corolla in L. macranthoides, as well as for variety improvement.

Aim To explore the effects of Lycium berry seed oil on Nrf2/ARE pathway and oxidative damage in testis of subacute aging rats. Methods Fifty out of 60 male SD rats, aged 8 weeks, were subcutaneously injected with 125 mg • kg"D-galactosidase in the neck for 8 weeks to establish a subacute senescent rat model. The presence of senescent cells was observed using P-galactosidase ((3-gal), while testicular morphology was examined using HE staining. Serum levels of testosterone (testosterone, T), follicle-stimulating hormone ( follicle stimulating hormone, FSH ) , luteinizing hormone ( luteinizing hormone, LH ) , superoxide dis-mutase ( superoxide dismutase, SOD ) , glutathione ( glutathione, GSH) and malondialdehyde ( malondial-dehyde, MDA) were measured through ELISA, and the expressions of factors related to aging, oxidative damage, and the Nrf2/ARE pathway were assessed via immunohistochemical analysis and Western blotting. Results After successfully identifying the model, the morphology of the testis was improved and the intervention of Lycium seed oil led to a down-regulation in the expression of [3-gal and -yH2AX. The serum levels of SOD, GSH, T, and FSH increased while MDA and LH decreased (P 0. 05) . Additionally, there was an up-regulated expression of Nrf2, GCLC, NQOl, and SOD2 proteins in testicular tissue ( P 0. 05 ) and nuclear expression of Nrf2 in sertoli cells. Conclusion Lycium barbarum seed oil may reduce oxidative damage in testes of subacute senescent rats by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.

Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)is a type of chronic hepatitis caused by the attack of hepatocytes by the autoimmune system,and with the prolongation of disease course,it may gradually progress to liver cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma.Although great achievements have been made in the understanding and treatment of AIH,its etiology and pathogenesis still remain unclear.T cells play a crucial role in the development and progression of AIH,and by focusing on follicular helper T cells,this article elaborates on the research advances in follicular helper T cells in AIH,in order to provide new ideas and strategies for the clinical treatment of AIH.