Researchers commonly use cyclization recombination enzyme/locus of X-over P1 (Cre/loxP) technology-based conditional gene knockouts of model mice to investigate the functional roles of genes of interest in Sertoli and Leydig cells within the testis. However, the shortcomings of these genetic tools include high costs, lengthy experimental periods, and limited accessibility for researchers. Therefore, exploring alternative gene silencing techniques is of great practical value. In this study, we employed adeno-associated virus (AAV) as a vector for gene silencing in Sertoli and Leydig cells. Our findings demonstrated that AAV serotypes 1, 8, and 9 exhibited high infection efficiency in both types of testis cells. Importantly, we discovered that all three AAV serotypes exhibited exquisite specificity in targeting Sertoli cells via tubular injection while demonstrating remarkable selectivity in targeting Leydig cells via interstitial injection. We achieved cell-specific knockouts of the steroidogenic acute regulatory ( Star ) and luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin receptor (Lhcgr) genes in Leydig cells, but not in Sertoli cells, using AAV9-single guide RNA (sgRNA)-mediated gene editing in Rosa26-LSL-Cas9 mice. Knockdown of androgen receptor ( Ar ) gene expression in Sertoli cells of wild-type mice was achieved via tubular injection of AAV9-short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated targeting. Our findings offer technical approaches for investigating gene function in Sertoli and Leydig cells through AAV9-mediated gene silencing.
Animals ; Male ; Leydig Cells/metabolism* ; Mice ; Dependovirus/genetics* ; Sertoli Cells/metabolism* ; Gene Silencing ; Genetic Vectors ; Testis/cytology*

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the therapeutic mechanism of nodakenin for Crohn's disease (CD)-like colitis in mice. METHODS: Using a colonic organoid model with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and ATP-induced pyroptosis, we investigated the effects of nodakenin on pyroptosis, intestinal barrier function and inflammatory response by detecting key pyroptosis-regulating factors and assessing changes in permeability and pro-inflammatory factors. In a mouse model of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced CD-like colitis, the therapeutic effect of nodakenin was evaluated by measuring changes in body weight, DAI score, colonic histopathologies, inflammation score, intestinal barrier function and intestinal epithelial cell pyroptosis. The mechanism of nodakenin protection against pyroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells was explored using network pharmacology analysis and in vivo and in vitro experiments. RESULTS: In LPS- and ATP-induced colonic organoids, treatment with nodakenin significantly inhibited the expressions of NLRP3, GSDMD-N, cleaved caspase-1 and caspase-11, improved intestinal FITC-dextran (FD4, 4000) permeability, and decreased the levels of IL-1β and IL-18. In the mouse model of TNBS-induced colitis, nodakenin treatment significantly alleviated weight loss, reduced DAI score, inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammation score, and decreased serum FD4 and I-FABP levels and bacteria translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and liver. The mice with nodakenin treatment had also lowered expressions of NLRP3, GSDMD-N, cleaved caspase-1 and caspase-11 in the intestinal mucosa. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that the inhibitory effect of nodakenin on colitis was associated with the PI3K/Akt pathway. In both the colonic organoid model and mouse models of colitis, nodakenin effectively inhibited the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, and the application of IGF-1, a PI3K/Akt pathway activator, strongly attenuated the protective effect of nodakenin against intestinal epithelial cell pyroptosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Nodakenin protects intestinal barrier function and alleviates CD-like colitis in mice at least partly by inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling to reduce intestinal epithelial cell pyroptosis.
Animals ; Pyroptosis/drug effects* ; Mice ; Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid ; Colitis/drug therapy* ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects* ; Intestinal Mucosa/cytology* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Coumarins/pharmacology* ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism* ; Crohn Disease/drug therapy*

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the mechanism through which pinostrobin (PSB) alleviates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were randomized into control group, DSS model group, and PSB intervention (30, 60, and 120 mg/kg) groups. Colitis severity of the mice was assessed by examining body weight changes, disease activity index (DAI), colon length, and histopathology. The expressions of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin-1 in the colon tissues were examined using immunofluorescence staining, and macrophage infiltration and polarization were analyzed with flow cytometry. ELISA and RT-qPCR were used for detecting the expressions of inflammatory factors (TNF‑α and IL-6) and chemokines (CCL₂, CXCL₁₀, and CX₃CL₁) in the colon tissues, and PI3K/AKT phosphorylation levels were analyzed with Western blotting. In cultured Caco-2 and RAW264.7 cells, the effect of PSB on CCL₂-mediated macrophage migration was assessed using Transwell assay. Network pharmacology analysis was performed to predict the key pathways that mediate the therapeutic effect of PSB. RESULTS: In DSS-induced mouse models, PSB at 60 mg/kg optimally alleviated colitis, shown by reduced weight loss and DAI scores and increased colon length. PSB treatment significantly upregulated ZO-1 and claudin-1 expressions in the colon tissues, inhibited colonic macrophage infiltration, and promoted the shift of macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 type. In cultured intestinal epithelial cells, PSB significantly inhibited PI3K/AKT phosphorylation and suppressed chemokine CCL₂ expression. PSB treatment obviously blocked CCL₂-mediated macrophage migration of RAW264.7 cells, which could be reversed by exogenous CCL₂. Network pharmacology analysis and rescue experiments confirmed PI3K/AKT and CCL₂ signaling as the core targets of PSB. CONCLUSIONS PSB alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice by targeting intestinal epithelial PI3K/AKT signaling, reducing CCL₂ secretion, and blocking macrophage chemotaxis and migration, highlighting the potential of PSB as a novel natural compound for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Animals ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism* ; Colitis/drug therapy* ; Dextran Sulfate ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism* ; Macrophages ; Chemokine CCL2/metabolism* ; Humans ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Caco-2 Cells ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects* ; Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism*

Objective To investigate the incidence rate,clinical characteristics,and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen,China.Methods Led by Shenzhen Children's Hospital,the Shenzhen Neonatal Data Collaboration Network organized 21 institutions to collect 36 cases of neonatal stroke from January 2020 to December 2022.The incidence,clinical characteristics,treatment,and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen were analyzed.Results The incidence rate of neonatal stroke in 21 hospitals from 2020 to 2022 was 1/15 137,1/6 060,and 1/7 704,respectively.Ischemic stroke accounted for 75％(27/36);boys accounted for 64％(23/36).Among the 36 neonates,31(86％)had disease onset within 3 days after birth,and 19(53％)had convulsion as the initial presentation.Cerebral MRI showed that 22 neonates(61％)had left cerebral infarction and 13(36％)had basal ganglia infarction.Magnetic resonance angiography was performed for 12 neonates,among whom 9(75％)had involvement of the middle cerebral artery.Electroencephalography was performed for 29 neonates,with sharp waves in 21 neonates(72％)and seizures in 10 neonates(34％).Symptomatic/supportive treatment varied across different hospitals.Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment was performed for 12 neonates(33％,12/36),with a mean score of(32±4)points.The prognosis of 27 neonates was followed up to around 12 months of age,with 44％(12/27)of the neonates having a good prognosis.Conclusions Ischemic stroke is the main type of neonatal stroke,often with convulsions as the initial presentation,involvement of the middle cerebral artery,sharp waves on electroencephalography,and a relatively low neurodevelopment score.Symptomatic/supportive treatment is the main treatment method,and some neonates tend to have a poor prognosis.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of eosinophilic lung diseases(ELD) in children to enhance pediatricians′ understanding of ELD.Methods:In this retrospective cross-sectional study, a total of 149 children with ELD were recruited from Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University between April 1, 2007 and March 31, 2022.Chi-square test, Fisher′s exact test, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyze data and conclude clinical characteristics.Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between eosinophils in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.Chi-square test and Kappa consistency test were used to compare the differences and consistency in diagnostic results between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or lung biopsy and eosinophil elevation with chest imaging abnormalities. Results:(1)The isolated lung involvement was mostly caused by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis(9 patients), and other system involvement by idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome(89 patients).(2)The main respiratory manifestations included coughing(90 cases, 60.4%) and expectoration(41 cases, 27.5%), while 23.5%(35 cases) of patients had no respiratory symptoms; 50.3% had digestive system involvement, and 40.9% had skin involvement.These were the two most commonly affected organs.(3)Spearman correlation was performed between eosinophils in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid( r=0.3, P<0.05).Chi-square test was performed to compare ELD diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or lung biopsy with peripheral blood eosinophilia accompanied by abnormal chest imaging( P<0.05).Kappa consistency test(Kappa<0.2) showed poor consistency between the two diagnostic methods. Conclusions:ELD are present in children, and multiple etiologies may be pathogenic.Among children with ELD, the isolated lung involvement is mainly caused by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.The digestive system and skin are the most commonly affected organs, except for lungs.The correlation between eosinophil levels in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is poor.

Objective To campare biomechanical effects of different postural compression techniques on three-dimensional model of lumbar disc herniation(LDH)by finite element analysis.Methods Lumbar CT image of a 48-year-old female patient with LDH(heighted 163 cm,weighted 53 kg)was collected.Mimics 20.0,Geomagic Studio,Solidwords and other software were used to establish three-dimensional finite element model of LDH on L4,5 segments.Compression techniques under horizon-tal position,30° forward bending and 10° backward extension were simulated respectively.After applying the pressure,the ef-fects of compression techniques under different positions on stress,strain and displacement of various tissues of intervertebral disc and nerve root were observed.Results L4,5 segment finite element model was successfully established,and the model was validated.When compression manipulation was performed on the horizontal position,30° flexion and 10° extension,the annular stress were 0.732,5.929,1.286 MPa,the nucleus pulposus stress were 0.190,1.527,0.295 MPa,and the annular strain were 0.097,0.922 and 0.424,the strain sizes of nucleus pulposus were 0.153,1.222 and 0.282,respectively.The overall displace-ment distance of intervertebral disc on Y direction were-3.707,-18.990,-4.171 mm,and displacement distance of nerve root on Y direction were+7.836,+5.341,+3.859 mm,respectively.The relative displacement distances of nerve root and interverte-bral disc on Y direction were 11.543,24.331 and 8.030 mm,respectively.Conclusion Compression manipulation could make herniated intervertebral disc produce contraction and retraction trend,by increasing the distance between herniated interverte-bral disc and nerve root,to reduce symptoms of nerve compression,to achieve purpose of treatment for patients with LDH,in which the compression manipulation is more effective when the forward flexion is 30°.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of asperosaponin VI (AVI) on intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and intestinal barrier function in a mouse model of Crohn's disease (CD)-like colitis and explore its mechanisms. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice with TNBS-induced CD-like colitis were treated with saline or AVI (daily dose 150 mg/kg) by gavage for 6 days. The changes in body weight, colon length, DAI scores, and colon pathologies of the mice were observed, and the expressions of inflammatory factors and tight injunction proteins were detected using ELISA and RT-qPCR. The effects of AVI on barrier function and apoptosis of mouse intestinal epithelial cells and TNF‑α‑treated Caco-2 cells were analyzed using immunofluorescence staining, TUNEL assay, and Western blotting. Network pharmacology, TUNEL assay, and Western blotting were performed to explore and validate the therapeutic mechanisms of AVI for CD. RESULTS: In the mouse models of CD-like colitis, AVI significantly improved body weight loss, colon shortening and DAI and tissue inflammation scores, alleviated intestinal villi and goblet cell injuries, and lowered the expressions of inflammatory factors. AVI treatment significantly reduced the loss of tight junction proteins and apoptosis in both mouse intestinal epithelial cells and TNF‑α-stimulated Caco-2 cells. KEGG enrichment pathway analysis suggested that the therapeutic effect of AVI on CD was associated with inhibition of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway activation, which was confirmed by lowered expressions of p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-p65 in AVI-treated mouse models and Caco-2 cells. In Caco-2 cells, Recilisib significantly blocked the inhibitory effect of AVI on the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway and TNF-α-induced apoptosis, and AKT1 knockdown experiment confirmed the role of the PI3K/AKT pathway for mediating the activation of downstream NF-κB signaling. CONCLUSIONS AVI can improve TNBS-induced CD-like colitis in mice by reducing intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and intestinal barrier damage via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Animals ; Saponins/therapeutic use* ; Mice ; Crohn Disease/metabolism* ; Apoptosis/drug effects* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Male ; Humans ; Caco-2 Cells ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism* ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Colitis/drug therapy* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects* ; Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid ; Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism*

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the incidence of extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) and its risk factors in very preterm infants (VPIs) during hospitalization in China. METHODS: A prospective multicenter study was performed on the medical data of 2 514 VPIs who were hospitalized in the department of neonatology in 28 hospitals from 7 areas of China between September 2019 and December 2020. According to the presence or absence of EUGR based on the evaluation of body weight at the corrected gestational age of 36 weeks or at discharge, the VPIs were classified to two groups: EUGR group (n=1 189) and non-EUGR (n=1 325). The clinical features were compared between the two groups, and the incidence of EUGR and risk factors for EUGR were examined. RESULTS: The incidence of EUGR was 47.30% (1 189/2 514) evaluated by weight. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that higher weight growth velocity after regaining birth weight and higher cumulative calorie intake during the first week of hospitalization were protective factors against EUGR (P<0.05), while small-for-gestational-age birth, prolonged time to the initiation of total enteral feeding, prolonged cumulative fasting time, lower breast milk intake before starting human milk fortifiers, prolonged time to the initiation of full fortified feeding, and moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia were risk factors for EUGR (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS It is crucial to reduce the incidence of EUGR by achieving total enteral feeding as early as possible, strengthening breastfeeding, increasing calorie intake in the first week after birth, improving the velocity of weight gain, and preventing moderate-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in VPIs.
Female ; Fetal Growth Retardation ; Gestational Age ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors

Antipyretic-analgesics are currently one of the most prescribed drugs in children.The clinical application of antipyretic-analgesics for children in our country still have irrational phenomenon, which affects the therapeutic effect and even poses hidden dangers to the safety of children.In this paper, suggestions were put forward from the indications, dosage form/route, dosage suitability, pathophysiological characteristics of children with individual differences and drug interactions in the symptomatic treatment of febrile children, so as to provide reference for the general pharmacists when conducting prescription review.

Klebsiella pneumoniae(K.pneumoniae)is an important pathogen that can cause severe hospital-and community-acquired infections.To systematically investigate its methylation features,we determined the whole-genome sequences of 14 K.pneumoniae strains covering varying serotypes,multilocus sequence types,clonal groups,viscosity/virulence,and drug resistance.Their methy-lomes were further characterized using Pacific Biosciences single-molecule real-time and bisulfite technologies.We identified 15 methylation motifs[13 N6-methyladenine(6mA)and two 5-methylcytosine(5mC)motifs],among which eight were novel.Their corresponding DNA methyl-transferases were also validated.Additionally,we analyzed the genomic distribution of GATC and CCWGG methylation motifs shared by all strains,and identified differential distribution pat-terns of some hemi-/un-methylated GATC motifs,which tend to be located within intergenic regions(IGRs).Specifically,we characterized the in vivo methylation kinetics at single-base resolu-tion on a genome-wide scale by simulating the dynamic processes of replication-mediated passive demethylation and MTase-catalyzed re-methylation.The slow methylation of the GATC motifs in the replication origin(oriC)regions and IGRs implicates the epigenetic regulation of replication initiation and transcription.Our findings illustrate the first comprehensive dynamic methylome map of K.pneumoniae at single-base resolution,and provide a useful reference to better understand epigenetic regulation in this and other bacterial species.