Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common chronic respiratory disease around the world, and pharmacotherapy is the foremost treatment method currently. In recent decades, with the rapid development of bronchoscopic interventional therapy, endoscopic physical ablation technology presents a therapeutic effect in treating COPD, with few treatment-related side effects, showing excellent application prospects in treating COPD. Since ablation techniques in this field are emerging technologies with low patient acceptance, they are not widely used in the clinical treatment of COPD. This article reviews the development process of physical ablation techniques. Moreover, their current application status and the prospects in the field of COPD treatment are also summarized and analyzed. We hope to promote the application of physical ablation in the clinical treatment of COPD and provide practical references and a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of COPD.

This study aims to explore the effects of Buzhong Yiqi Decoction(BYD) on the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase(cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes(STING) signaling pathway in the mouse model of autoimmune thyroiditis(AIT) and the mechanism of BYD in alleviating the immune injury. Forty-eight NOD.H-2~(h4) mice were assigned into normal, model, low-, medium-, and high-dose BYD, and selenium yeast tablets groups(n=8). Mice of 8 weeks old were treated with 0.05% sodium iodide solution for 8 weeks for the modeling of AIT and then administrated with corresponding drugs by gavage for 8 weeks before sampling. High performance liquid chromatography was employed to measure the astragaloside Ⅳ content in BYD. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was employed to observe the pathological changes in the mouse thyroid tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to measure the serum levels of thyroid peroxidase antibody(TPO-Ab), thyroglobulin antibody(TgAb), and interferon-γ(IFN-γ). Flow cytometry was employed to detect the distribution of T cell subsets in the spleen. The immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of cGAS, STING, TANK-binding kinase 1(TBK1), and interferon regulatory factor 3(IRF3). Real-time PCR and Western blot were employed to determine the mRNA and protein levels, respectively, of markers related to the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in the thyroid tissue. The results showed that the content of astragaloside Ⅳ in BYD was(7.06±0.08) mg·mL~(-1). Compared with the normal group, the model group showed disrupted structures of thyroid follicular epithelial cells, massive infiltration of lymphocytes, and elevated levels of TgAb and TPO-Ab. Compared with the model group, the four treatment groups showed intact epithelial cells, reduced lymphocyte infiltration, and lowered levels of TgAb and TPO-Ab. Compared with the normal group, the model group showed increases in the proportions of Th1 and Th17 cells, a decrease in the proportion of Th2 cells, and an increase in the IFN-γ level. Compared with the model group, the four treatment groups presented decreased proportions of Th1 and Th17 cells and lowered levels of IFN-γ, and the medium-dose BYD group showed an increase in the proportion of Th2 cells. Compared with the normal group, the modeling up-regulated the mRNA levels of cGAS, STING, TBK1, and IRF3 and the protein levels of cGAS, p-STING, p-TBK1, and p-IRF3. Compared with the model group, the four treatment groups showed reduced levels of cGAS, STING, TBK1, and IRF3-positive products, down-regulated mRNA levels of cGAS, STING, and TBK1, and down-regulated protein levels of cGAS and p-STING. The high-dose BYD group showed down-regulations in the mRNA level of IRF3 and the protein levels of p-TBK1 and p-IRF3. The above results indicate that BYD can repair the imbalance of T cell subsets, alleviate immune injury, and reduce thyroid lymphocyte infiltration in AIT mice by inhibiting the cGAS-STING signaling pathway.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/metabolism* ; Mice ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism* ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Humans ; Female ; Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism* ; Male ; Disease Models, Animal

Objective To explore and establish the bacterial endotoxin limit value and testing method of the active pharmaceutical ingredient （API） of pentetic acid, and conduct methodological investigation. Methods Three batches of pentetic acid were used to establish the method for the determination of bacterial endotoxin, and interference test was conducted simultaneously. The sample was dissolved with commercially available alkaline regulator to a concentration of 4 mg/ml or lower, and then diluted with water for bacterial endotoxin test. Limulus reagent with sensitivity of 0.125 EU/ml or higher was selected and redissolved with commercially available magnesium ion buffer solution. And the endotoxin test was performed by gel method. Results The endotoxin limit of API of pentetic acid was determined as: less than 0.125 EU/mg. Conclusion The method established could be used for the control of bacterial endotoxin in API of pentetic acid.

Disinfection by-product(DBPs)are contaminants generated during drinking water treatment processes.Despite their low concentration level,these compounds exhibit high toxicity,posing threaten to both environmental safety and human health.Traditional DBPs analysis methods rely on chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques,which are limited by complex and time-consuming pretreatment processes,as well as expensive and non-portable instrumentation.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop sensitive,fast,simple and low-cost in-situ detection technique and analysis instruments for DBPs.Electrochemical sensors,as a beneficial complement to the standard DBPs detection method,are expected to achieve on-site in-situ detection and remote real-time monitoring.This article provided a concise overview of regulatory indicators and standardized detection methods for DBPs,followed by an in-depth discussion of recent advancements in electrochemical detection of DBPs,focusing on two key aspects,recognition probes and analytical techniques.Finally,the current challenges and potential research directions in the field of electrochemical sensors for DBPs were summarized.

Biofilm formation is one of the key reasons that bacterial infections are difficult to treat.So it is of great significance to develop effective strategies to resist bacterial biofilms.Although antibiotics are important clinical tools for the treatment of bacterial infections,their therapeutic efficacy is often unsatisfactory when targeting bacterial biofilm-associated diseases.In this study,exopolysaccharides(EPS)from Escherichia coli(E.coli)were extracted and purified.It was demonstrated that the obtained E.coli EPS had the ability to inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)biofilm formation and disperse a mature biofilm.To improve the anti-biofilm effect of vancomycin(VAN),E.coli EPS was used in combination with VAN.The combination increased the inhibition rate of MRSA biofilm and increased the dispersion rate of mature biofilm from 10%to 80%.When combined with E.coli EPS,the number of bacterial colonies within the MRSA biofilm remarkably decreased by 88%,resulting in a significant improvement over the use of VAN alone at an equivalent concentration.Meanwhile,E.coli EPS could down-regulate the expression of MRSA biofilm-related genes.E.coli EPS showed good anti-biofilm effect,and E.coli EPS/VAN combination could provided a potential strategy for treatment of MRSA biofilm infections.

In recent years,the market share of food and medicine homology substances has continued to grow,and various types of contamination issues have become the focus of attention both inside and outside the industry.The contamination not only affects the original medicinal quality,but also leads to the accumulation of toxic substances in the human body,causing acute and chronic severe hazards such as vomiting,poisoning and cancer.Therefore,the development of biosensors that can conveniently,accurately and sensitively detect various pollutants in food and medicine homology substances has become a research hotspot.Aptasensors based on metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)with advantages such as strong specificity,rapid response and simple operation,have been widely used in detection of various pollutants.This review focused on the research progress of aptasensors based on MOFs for detection of food and medicine homology contamination in the past few years,and provided a detailed comparison and analysis for detection of chemical pollutants(such as pesticide residues,heavy metal residues,mycotoxins,etc.)and microbial contamination in food and medicine homology substances.Besides,the development trend and possible challenges of MOFs aptasensors in detection of food and medicine homology substances in the future were discussed,which was anticipated to provide a reference for the development of new MOFs aptasensors.

With the optimization of surgical technologies and postoperative management regimens, the number of lung transplantation has been significantly increased, which has become an important treatment for patients with end-stage lung disease. However, due to the impact of comprehensive factors, such as bronchial ischemia and immunosuppression, the incidence of airway stenosis after lung transplantation is relatively high, which severely affects postoperative survival and quality of life of lung transplant recipients. In recent years, with the improvement of perioperative management, organ preservation and surgical technologies, the incidence of airway stenosis after lung transplantation has been declined, but it remains at a high level. Early diagnosis and timely intervention play a significant role in enhancing clinical prognosis of patients with airway stenosis. In this article, the general conditions, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of airway stenosis after lung transplantation were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for comprehensive management of airway stenosis after lung transplantation and improving clinical prognosis of lung transplant recipients.

Objective To understand the pathogen detection of hospitalized patients before antimicrobial therapy in a hospital through implementation of comprehensive intervention measures,and provide reference basis for the de-velopment of targeted measures.Methods Hospitalized patients who received therapeutic antimicrobial agents in this hospital were selected as the research subjects.Patients who were hospitalized from January to May 2022 were selected as the pre-intervention group,comprehensive intervention measures were taken from June to October 2022,and those who were hospitalized from November 2022 to March 2023 were selected as the post-intervention group.The pathogen detection rate before antimicrobial therapy,sterile specimen detection rate,antimicrobial use rate,de-tection rate of key multidrug-resistant organisms of patients before and after the intervention were analyzed.Results Compared to before intervention,the proportion of pathogen detection rate before antimicrobial therapy(62.09％vs 74.04％),detection rate of healthcare-associated infection diagnosis-related pathogens(62.82％vs 92.73％),and sterile specimen detection rate(35.17％vs 41.06％)of hospitalized patients after intervention all increased signifi-cantly,with statistically significant differences(all P＜0.05).After intervention,pathogen detection rate before the combination use of key antimicrobial agents was not statistically different from before intervention(93.33％vs 90.48％,P＞0.05),while antimicrobial use rate was lower than before intervention(39.93％vs 44.95％,P＜0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the detection rate of key multidrug-resistant organisms be-fore and after intervention(all P＞0.05).Conclusion Adopting scientific and rational intervention measures can improve the pathogen detection rate,provide a reference basis for the rational use of antimicrobial agents.There was no significant improvement in the pathogen detection rate before the combination use of key antimicrobial agents and the detection rate of key multidrug-resistant organisms,indicating that relevant measures still need to be further optimized.

Systemic application of effective antifungal drugs is the basic treatment for pulmonary mycosis,meanwhile,drug spraying under bronchoscope is one of the most important treatment options for tracheal,bronchial and pulmonary mycosis.Compared with bronchoscopic drug injection,indwelling guided drug injection cannula through nasal suspension with or without anchoring has more advantages in the treatment of pulmonary mycosis,including the ability to connect to a syringe pump for continuous and slow injection of drugs,which can avoid repeatedly performing bronchoscopy.This article describes the standard operating procedure of indwelling nasal cannula with or without anchoring for the treatment of pulmonary mycosis.

Recognizing upper airway obstruction and stenosis is critical to determine the subsequent treatment options in patients with obstructive sleep apnea(OSA).Drug-induced sleep endoscopy(DISE)is a 3D visual evaluation technology for the anatomical structure of the upper respiratory tract of OSA patients during"sleeping"state after being anesthetized.The dynamic situation of upper respiratory tract obstruction and collapse can be observed safely and quickly through endoscopy,which provides important reference for formulating surgical methods and positive airway pressure(PAP)intervention treatments.With the assistance of polysomnography(PSG),DISE plays an important role in optimizing individualized treatment plans for OSA.The present article introduces the technical operating points of PSG-assisted drug-induced sleep endoscopic positive airway pressure titration.