Human exhaled breath is rich in volatile organic compounds(VOCs)with thousands of varieties.In addition to VOCs inhaled from external air,the vast majority of VOCs come from human metabolism and metabolism of the internal microorganisms.Therefore,exhaled VOCs carry abundant information about the human body,which works as"fingerprint"of an individual's exhalation pointing to the underlying metabolic status,making VOCs an ideal tool for health monitoring and disease diagnosis.In recent years,a large number of studies on disease and exhaled VOCs have shown valuable results.Many diseases in the human body are closely related to oxidative stress reaction which also produces plentiful VOCs discharged through the lungs,offering a new window for monitoring diseases.In the future,the use of exhaled VOCs analysis to detect and diagnose infectious diseases,metabolic diseases and tumors may become a new trend.This paper presents a review on VOCs in terms of concept,collection,detection,clinical application,and the relationship between exhaled VOCs and diseases.

Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)has become the first cause of chronic kidney disease(CKD)hospitalisation in China,and is also the main cause of end-stage renal disease(ESRD)and new haemodialysis.DKD has an insidious onset,low awareness,continuous progression,and poor prognosis.Moreover,there is still a lack of effective medication and management.Accurate assessment and identification of high-risk patients with poor clinical prognosis of DKD,as well as early intervention,is of great significance to the improvement of survival rate,quality of life,and prognosis for patients with DKD.Current methods of DKD prognosis assessment mainly include pathological typing,clinical indicators,mathematical models,and biomarkers.Various methods provide means for early prediction and intervention of DKD prognosis,but each has its own advantages and disadvantages.This article provides a review of recent research progress,conducts an in-depth analysis of the application of various DKD prognostic assessment methods in clinical practice,and further explores the potential for combining different methods.It aims to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing diagnostic and treatment processes and for the exploration and development of future DKD prognostic assessment methods.

Approximately one-third of stroke patients experience post-stroke cognitive impairment(PSCI),which significantly impacts their quality of life and survival time.The clinical evaluations of PSCI mainly rely on subjective neurophysiological scales due to its complex pathogenesis and lack of reliable,objective diagnostic tools.However,electroencephalogram(EEG)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)could provide objective indicators for diagnosis of PSCI.Based on EEG,MRI and EEG-MRI fusion,this article reviews recent advances in the central mechanisms of PSCI,focusing on changes in brainwave spectrum,brain structure,brain network etc.,in order to explore the clinical values of EEG and MRI in predicting and diagnosing PSCI,enhance the understanding of its pathogenesis and provide a basis for accurate clinical diagnosis.

[Objective]To discuss the clinical manifestations and image features of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder(NMOSD)with respiratory insufficiency.We present a retrospective review about the use of double filtration plasmapheresis in the treatment of the acute attack of NMOSD in these patients.[Methods]All of our patients with central respiratory insufficiency who suffered attacks of NMOSD were retrospectively considered for inclusion.Extended Disability Status Scale(EDSS)scores were compared within six months after double membrane filtration plasma exchange.[Results]The clinical data of the six patients included were analyzed.Magnetic Resonance Imaging confirmed that the demyelinating plaques in our patients could involve the medulla oblongata and upper spinal cord.They were managed by plasma exchange given as an initial therapy.The clinical symptoms improved significantly and the patients were successfully withdrawn from the ventilator,with EDSS scores significantly reduced(P<0.001).[Conclusion]Demyelination of medulla oblongata and upper spinal cord in NMOSD may lead to acute life-threatening respiratory compromise,and early initiation of double filtration plasmapheresis can be a safe and effective treatment.

Ischemia reperfusion injury(IRI)is often accompanied by serious clinical manifestations,including myocardial hibernation,acute heart failure,brain dysfunction,kidney dysfunction,gastrointestinal dysfunction,liver transplant rejection,systemic inflammatory response syndrome,multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,and so on,which pose important treatment challenges for doctors in clinical practice.Single cell sequencing technology is high-throughput sequencing of the genome,transcriptome,or epigenome at the single-cell level,in order to reveal cellular heterogeneity,and to understand the developmental trajectory,type,state,and various interactions of cells.Since its first discovery,single-cell sequencing technology has been widely applied in various fields,especially in early diagnosis and personalized treatment of tumors.This article mainly reviews the application and progress of single-cell sequencing in various organ dysfunctions caused by IRI,so as to further understand the mechanisms and signaling pathways of IRI,and to provide new ideas for targeted therapy of organ IRI.

In the process of accelerating the construction of a strong country in health and sports in China,the mode of promoting health has shifted from passive health to active health.Guided by the concept of"active health",there is a new understanding of the relationship between sports,health,and medical care.The integration of sports and medicine is a concrete manifestation and implementation of the concept of"active health",and an important measure to implement the Healthy China strategy,which is regarded as an important strategy to promote public health reform.This article reviews the historical path of the integration of sports and medicine from its concept to practical implementation,and finds that China proposed the integration of sports and medicine relatively late,but it has become an intense focus of academic research;The sports and medical departments have launched guidelines for chronic disease exercise and standards related to exercise prescriptions,and local governments in China have explored diversified models of integrating sports and medicine;Under the institutional requirements of top-level design,the exploration of the"integration of sports and medicine"model is flourishing.There are currently problems in promoting the integration of sports and medicine,such as the lack of a"sports and medicine integration"system and a shortage of"sports and medicine integration"talents.Drawing on the international experience of integrating sports and medical services in other countries,We propose a development strategy of"concept first,government leading,and sports and medical cooperation";We recommend institutional optimization such as improving medical insurance related systems,establishing certification,employment,and management systems for integrated sports and medical talents,and improving the training system for integrated sports and medical talents in universities;We also advocate propose a"dual wheel"promotion path of upgrading hospital rehabilitation centers and expanding community health centers,in order to provide reference for policy formulation and promote the integration of sports and medicine to play a greater role in China's public health.

Gynecological malignancies pose a serious threat to women's health,and the early diagnosis and precise treatment are crucial for improving patients' prognosis.With the rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence(AI)technology,it has become a revolutionary tool in the medical field.Through functions such as image recognition,data mining,and pattern recognition,it has opened up new avenues for the diagnosis and management of gynecological malignancies.This review comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress of AI in cervical cancer,ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer,with a special focus on its practical applications in tumor management involving early screening,diagnosis,treatment effect evaluation and prediction of prognosis,so as to provide guidance for the future research direction of AI in gynecological malignancies.

Stroke is a common acute cerebrovascular disease.Post-stroke cognitive impairment(PSCI)is one of the most common complications of stroke,which seriously affects the quality of life and physical health of patients.As a cutting-edge medical therapy,stem cells transplantation has great potential in the treatment of PSCI by reducing inflammation,promoting axon regeneration and immune regulation,and has become the focus of current research.However,the relationship between stem cells transplantation and PSCI has not been systematically summarized.Therefore,this paper will briefly summarize the biological functions of different types of stem cells,systematically comb out and summarize the mechanisms of stem cells transplantation in PSCI regulation and its applications in PSCI treatment,providing a deeper understanding and strategy for clinical PSCI management.

[Objective]To investigate the prevalence rate of chronic non-communicable diseases(NCDs)and the association with quality of life in middle-aged and elderly patients with HIV/AIDS.[Methods]This cross-sectional study surveyed 432 patients with HIV/AIDS(aged≥45 years)in the Infectious Disease Center in Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,and 366 participants were included in the analysis after quality control.A questionnaire and the EuroQol 5-Dimensional 3-level version(EQ-5D-3L)were used to investigate NCDs and quality of life and Tobit regression model was used to estimate the association between chronic diseases and quality of life.[Results]Among the 366 participants,29(7.9%)had cardiovascular disease,45(12.3%)had hypertension,122(33.3%)had hyperglycemia,151(41.3%)had hyperlipidemia,7(1.9%)had cancer,17(4.6%)had chronic kidney disease,38(10.4%)had chronic liver disease,21(5.7%)had musculoskeletal disorders,and 253(69.1%)suffered from at least one type of chronic diseases.The median(lower and upper quartiles)of EQ-5D utility index was 1.000(0.964～1.000).Multivariate Tobit regression results of the total population showed that cancer[ba=-0.08,95%CI(-0.15,-0.01),P=0.036],chronic kidney disease[ba=-0.07,95%CI(-0.12,-0.02),P=0.006],musculoskeletal disease[ba=-0.09,95%CI(-0.13,-0.05),P<0.001],and≥3 types of chronic diseases[ba=-0.05,95%CI(-0.08,-0.01),P=0.013]were negatively correlated with EQ-5D utility index.The stratified analysis results of different CD4+T cell levels showed that hypertension[ba=-0.07,95%CI(-0.12,-0.02),P=0.007],chronic kidney disease[ba=-0.10,95%CI(-0.18,-0.03),P=0.006],musculoskeletal disease[ba=-0.15,95%CI(-0.22,-0.07),P<0.001]and≥3 types of chronic diseases[ba=-0.09,95%CI(-0.09,-0.01),P<0.001]were negatively correlated with EQ-5D utility index in the group with CD4≤500(cells/μL),whereas cancer[ba=-0.11,95%CI(-0.20,-0.01),P=0.031]was negatively correlated with EQ-5D utility index in the group with CD4＞500(cells/μL).[Conclusions]The prevalence rate of chronic non-communicable diseases in middle-aged and elderly patients with HIV/AIDS is relatively high.The classification of NCDs such as cancer or chronic kidney disease or other chronic diseases and the numbers of NCDs categories are negatively correlated with quality of life.However,this association varies among patients with HIV/AIDS of different CD4+T cell levels.It is suggested that we should try to prevent and identify NCDs at an early stage,strengthen linkages and integration of health services for AIDS and chronic NCDs,and jointly manage and control AIDS with chronic diseases to improve the quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS.

[Objective]To study the clinical features of viral encephalitis with isolated dizziness,and to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of vestibular function examination and cerebrospinal fluid cytology in these patients.[Methods]Totally 37 cases of viral encephalitis with isolated dizziness and 10 healthy volunteers were included.Clinical data[dizziness handicap inventory(DHI)score,head imaging,electroencephalogram,vestibular function test,cerebrospinal fluid routine,biochemistry,cell morphology,etiology second-generation sequencing,misdiagnosis]were collected.The area under the ROC curve(AUC)of diagnostic value of each type of test was analyzed.The changes of each examination before and after treatment were compared.[Results]We found 89.19%(33/37)of the patients were misdiagnosed.Vestibular function smooth follow-up test indicated vestibular central lesion(AUC value:0.82)in 64.86%(24/37)of the patients.The number of CSF transformed lymphocytes increased in 86.49%(32/37)of the patients(AUC value:0.93),the CSF large lymphocytes increased in 97.30%(36/37)of the patients(AUC value:0.99),and the mononucleosis was activated in 94.59%(35/37)of the patients(AUC value:0.97).Furthermore,18.92%(7/37)of the patients had increased EEG slow wave(AUC value:0.60),while 13.51%(5/37)of the patients showed cortical swelling on head MR(AUC:0.60).After antiviral treatment,dizziness grade decreased(Z=-4.899,P<0.001),smooth tracking abnormalities decreased(Z=-4.583,P<0.001),the proportion of CSF transformed lymphocytes decreased(t=4.281,P<0.001),and the proportion of large lymphocytes decreased(t=6.905,P<0.001).[Conclusion]The misdiagnosis rate of viral encephalitis with isolated dizziness is high.Incorporating into diagnosis the increased large lymphocytes,transformed lymphocytes,activated monocytes in CSF cytology with smooth follow-up test may improve diagnostic efficiency.