Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of toric intraocular lens (IOL) axis prediction between two preoperative measurement devices: the optical biometry (IOLMaster 500 or IOLMaster 700) and the dual Scheimpflug topography (Galilei G4) Methods: Medical records of 64 eyes from 44 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and posterior chamber toric IOL (Zeiss AT TORBI 709M) implantation between July 2017 and January 2022 were reviewed. All patients underwent preoperative evaluation by optical biometry (IOLMaster 500 or IOLMaster 700) and Galilei G4. The gold-standard axis that minimizes astigmatism was calculated by the online Toric Results Analyzer postoperatively and compared to the preoperative toric IOL axis calculated by the Z CALC Online IOL Calculator using parameters from either IOLMaster or Galilei G4. The axis error (AE) and the absolute AE (AAE) between the gold-standard axis and the preoperative calculated axis were analyzed to assess the accuracy of each device. Results: The mean flat keratometry and steep keratometry were 42.99 diopters (D) and 45.61 D, respectively, in IOLMaster, and 43.04 D and 45.51 D, respectively, in Galilei G4, which did not show any significant difference. The mean keratometric astigmatism was 2.62 D in IOLMaster and 2.46 D in Galilei G4, which also did not show any statistical difference. The keratometric astigmatism axis did not show any significant difference between IOLMaster and Galilei G4. The mean AE and AAE were 0.19° and 6.84°, respectively, by IOLMaster, and –0.80° and 7.98°, respectively, by Galilei G4. The AE and AAE by IOLMaster did not show any significant difference compared to those of Galilei G4 (p = 0.583, and p = 0.346, respectively). Conclusions This study suggests that the Galilei G4 demonstrated a similar level of accuracy to the IOLMaster in predicting the toric IOL axis, based on the gold-standard axis provided by the Toric Results Analyzer.

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of toric intraocular lens (IOL) axis prediction between two preoperative measurement devices: the optical biometry (IOLMaster 500 or IOLMaster 700) and the dual Scheimpflug topography (Galilei G4) Methods: Medical records of 64 eyes from 44 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and posterior chamber toric IOL (Zeiss AT TORBI 709M) implantation between July 2017 and January 2022 were reviewed. All patients underwent preoperative evaluation by optical biometry (IOLMaster 500 or IOLMaster 700) and Galilei G4. The gold-standard axis that minimizes astigmatism was calculated by the online Toric Results Analyzer postoperatively and compared to the preoperative toric IOL axis calculated by the Z CALC Online IOL Calculator using parameters from either IOLMaster or Galilei G4. The axis error (AE) and the absolute AE (AAE) between the gold-standard axis and the preoperative calculated axis were analyzed to assess the accuracy of each device. Results: The mean flat keratometry and steep keratometry were 42.99 diopters (D) and 45.61 D, respectively, in IOLMaster, and 43.04 D and 45.51 D, respectively, in Galilei G4, which did not show any significant difference. The mean keratometric astigmatism was 2.62 D in IOLMaster and 2.46 D in Galilei G4, which also did not show any statistical difference. The keratometric astigmatism axis did not show any significant difference between IOLMaster and Galilei G4. The mean AE and AAE were 0.19° and 6.84°, respectively, by IOLMaster, and –0.80° and 7.98°, respectively, by Galilei G4. The AE and AAE by IOLMaster did not show any significant difference compared to those of Galilei G4 (p = 0.583, and p = 0.346, respectively). Conclusions This study suggests that the Galilei G4 demonstrated a similar level of accuracy to the IOLMaster in predicting the toric IOL axis, based on the gold-standard axis provided by the Toric Results Analyzer.

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of toric intraocular lens (IOL) axis prediction between two preoperative measurement devices: the optical biometry (IOLMaster 500 or IOLMaster 700) and the dual Scheimpflug topography (Galilei G4) Methods: Medical records of 64 eyes from 44 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and posterior chamber toric IOL (Zeiss AT TORBI 709M) implantation between July 2017 and January 2022 were reviewed. All patients underwent preoperative evaluation by optical biometry (IOLMaster 500 or IOLMaster 700) and Galilei G4. The gold-standard axis that minimizes astigmatism was calculated by the online Toric Results Analyzer postoperatively and compared to the preoperative toric IOL axis calculated by the Z CALC Online IOL Calculator using parameters from either IOLMaster or Galilei G4. The axis error (AE) and the absolute AE (AAE) between the gold-standard axis and the preoperative calculated axis were analyzed to assess the accuracy of each device. Results: The mean flat keratometry and steep keratometry were 42.99 diopters (D) and 45.61 D, respectively, in IOLMaster, and 43.04 D and 45.51 D, respectively, in Galilei G4, which did not show any significant difference. The mean keratometric astigmatism was 2.62 D in IOLMaster and 2.46 D in Galilei G4, which also did not show any statistical difference. The keratometric astigmatism axis did not show any significant difference between IOLMaster and Galilei G4. The mean AE and AAE were 0.19° and 6.84°, respectively, by IOLMaster, and –0.80° and 7.98°, respectively, by Galilei G4. The AE and AAE by IOLMaster did not show any significant difference compared to those of Galilei G4 (p = 0.583, and p = 0.346, respectively). Conclusions This study suggests that the Galilei G4 demonstrated a similar level of accuracy to the IOLMaster in predicting the toric IOL axis, based on the gold-standard axis provided by the Toric Results Analyzer.

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of toric intraocular lens (IOL) axis prediction between two preoperative measurement devices: the optical biometry (IOLMaster 500 or IOLMaster 700) and the dual Scheimpflug topography (Galilei G4) Methods: Medical records of 64 eyes from 44 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and posterior chamber toric IOL (Zeiss AT TORBI 709M) implantation between July 2017 and January 2022 were reviewed. All patients underwent preoperative evaluation by optical biometry (IOLMaster 500 or IOLMaster 700) and Galilei G4. The gold-standard axis that minimizes astigmatism was calculated by the online Toric Results Analyzer postoperatively and compared to the preoperative toric IOL axis calculated by the Z CALC Online IOL Calculator using parameters from either IOLMaster or Galilei G4. The axis error (AE) and the absolute AE (AAE) between the gold-standard axis and the preoperative calculated axis were analyzed to assess the accuracy of each device. Results: The mean flat keratometry and steep keratometry were 42.99 diopters (D) and 45.61 D, respectively, in IOLMaster, and 43.04 D and 45.51 D, respectively, in Galilei G4, which did not show any significant difference. The mean keratometric astigmatism was 2.62 D in IOLMaster and 2.46 D in Galilei G4, which also did not show any statistical difference. The keratometric astigmatism axis did not show any significant difference between IOLMaster and Galilei G4. The mean AE and AAE were 0.19° and 6.84°, respectively, by IOLMaster, and –0.80° and 7.98°, respectively, by Galilei G4. The AE and AAE by IOLMaster did not show any significant difference compared to those of Galilei G4 (p = 0.583, and p = 0.346, respectively). Conclusions This study suggests that the Galilei G4 demonstrated a similar level of accuracy to the IOLMaster in predicting the toric IOL axis, based on the gold-standard axis provided by the Toric Results Analyzer.

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of toric intraocular lens (IOL) axis prediction between two preoperative measurement devices: the optical biometry (IOLMaster 500 or IOLMaster 700) and the dual Scheimpflug topography (Galilei G4) Methods: Medical records of 64 eyes from 44 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and posterior chamber toric IOL (Zeiss AT TORBI 709M) implantation between July 2017 and January 2022 were reviewed. All patients underwent preoperative evaluation by optical biometry (IOLMaster 500 or IOLMaster 700) and Galilei G4. The gold-standard axis that minimizes astigmatism was calculated by the online Toric Results Analyzer postoperatively and compared to the preoperative toric IOL axis calculated by the Z CALC Online IOL Calculator using parameters from either IOLMaster or Galilei G4. The axis error (AE) and the absolute AE (AAE) between the gold-standard axis and the preoperative calculated axis were analyzed to assess the accuracy of each device. Results: The mean flat keratometry and steep keratometry were 42.99 diopters (D) and 45.61 D, respectively, in IOLMaster, and 43.04 D and 45.51 D, respectively, in Galilei G4, which did not show any significant difference. The mean keratometric astigmatism was 2.62 D in IOLMaster and 2.46 D in Galilei G4, which also did not show any statistical difference. The keratometric astigmatism axis did not show any significant difference between IOLMaster and Galilei G4. The mean AE and AAE were 0.19° and 6.84°, respectively, by IOLMaster, and –0.80° and 7.98°, respectively, by Galilei G4. The AE and AAE by IOLMaster did not show any significant difference compared to those of Galilei G4 (p = 0.583, and p = 0.346, respectively). Conclusions This study suggests that the Galilei G4 demonstrated a similar level of accuracy to the IOLMaster in predicting the toric IOL axis, based on the gold-standard axis provided by the Toric Results Analyzer.

Mitochondrial stress and the dysregulated mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) are linked to various diseases, including metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Mitokines, signaling molecules released by mitochondrial stress response and UPRmt, are crucial mediators of inter-organ communication and influence systemic metabolic and physiological processes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of mitokines, including their regulation by exercise and lifestyle interventions and their implications for various diseases. The endocrine actions of mitokines related to mitochondrial stress and adaptations are highlighted, specifically the broad functions of fibroblast growth factor 21 and growth differentiation factor 15, as well as their specific actions in regulating inter-tissue communication and metabolic homeostasis. Finally, we discuss the potential of physiological and genetic interventions to reduce the hazards associated with dysregulated mitokine signaling and preserve an equilibrium in mitochondrial stress-induced responses. This review provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial regulation of health and disease by exploring mitokine interactions and their regulation, which will facilitate the development of targeted therapies and personalized interventions to improve health outcomes and quality of life.

Purpose: To investigate the clinical features and visual outcome of infectious keratitis associated with orthokeratology (Ortho-K) lens in Korean pediatric patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients diagnosed with Ortho-K lens-related infectious keratitis from June 2005 to April 2020 at a tertiary referral hospital. Patients’ demographics, clinical features, microbiological evaluation, and treatment methods were assessed, and factors related to final visual outcomes were analyzed. Results: The study included 26 eyes from 26 patients (19 female and 7 male patients; mean age, 11.9 years), with an average Ortho-K lens wear duration of 33.7 ± 21.2 months. The highest number of cases occurred in summer (11 of 26 cases, 42.3%). Central or paracentral corneal lesions were observed in 25 cases (96.2%), with a mean corneal epithelial defect size of 5.13 mm2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly isolated organism (n = 5), followed by Serratia marcescens (n = 4). All patients responded to medical treatment without needing surgical intervention. 72% of cases achieved favorable visual outcomes (Snellen best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA] >6 / 12), while 8% experienced severe visual impairment (Snellen BCVA ≤6 / 60) due to residual central corneal opacities. Multivariable analysis showed that non-summer seasons (p = 0.043), duration from symptom onset to presentation (p = 0.040), and corneal epithelial defect size (p = 0.002) were significantly associated with final logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVA. Failed autorefraction at presentation due to an Ortho-K-related infectious keratitis lesion was a significant predictor of poor final visual outcome (Snellen BCVA ≤6 / 12; odds ratio, 38.995; p = 0.030). Conclusions Ortho-K lens-related infectious keratitis can lead to permanent corneal opacities and potentially devastating visual outcomes in children. Delayed time to presentation, large corneal lesions, failure of autorefraction, and non-summer seasons were associated with poorer outcomes. Proper education and early detection would be key to safe use of orthokeratology lenses in pediatric patients.

Purpose: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Cataract-related Visual Function Questionnaire (CVFQ). Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study of 141 cataract patients was conducted from March 2022 to June 2022. The questionnaire was created based on a literature review and advice from an expert panel. This study determined its construct validity, criterion validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Results: The CVFQ consists of 15 items distributed among five categories: overall visual quality, overall visual function, distance vision, near vision, and glare. In the exploratory factor analysis of validity, the first three principal components explained 77.8% of the variance. The p-values in the Spearman correlation test comparing the pre- and postoperative total CVFQ score and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were 0.006 and 0.004, respectively. In the reliability analysis, Cronbach’s alpha was > 0.9 for internal consistency and the p-values of each subcategory were all significant in the analysis of test-retest reliability. Conclusions Our results indicate that the CVFQ is useful for measuring the visual quality and visual function of cataract patients in Korea.

Purpose: We report the clinical characteristics and the primary underlying diseases of patients at high risk for failure of penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) in Korea. Methods: Patients at high risk of PKP failure among those who visited the ophthalmological clinics of tertiary care hospitals in Korea from April 2019 to April 2020 and who were indicated for PKP were retrospectively enrolled. We epidemiologically investigated 119 eyes of 104 patients via medical chart review. Results: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis was the most common primary underlying disease (26.1%). The most common primary cause of poor bilateral visual acuity was Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) (41.7%) followed by chemical burns (19.4%). Of the 119 eyes, 40.3% had a history of previous PKP and 20.2% had undergone three or more PKP. The average number of prior PKPs was 1.02 ± 1.46. Corneal neovascularization and corneal opacity were reported in 82.4 and 92.4% of cases, respectively. As the severity of these conditions increased, the eye distributions became larger. Of all patients, 47.9 and 31.9%, respectively, received the highest corneal neovascularization and corneal opacity scores. Conclusions Our study of patients at high risk of PKP failure improves our understanding of the relevant clinical characteristics and primary underlying diseases. Such patients require careful observation and aggressive treatment. Possible alternatives to PKP should be considered if PKP consistently fails. This study will aid clinicians in deciding whether to proceed to surgery if a poor postoperative prognosis is predictable.

Purpose: To evaluate the agreement in ocular biometry outcomes measured by three different devices, the IOL Master 500, IOL Master 700, and Lenstar LS900, and compare the refractive outcomes after cataract surgery obtained using those three devices. Methods: Medical records of 178 eyes of 89 patients who underwent ocular biometry with the three devices were retrospectively reviewed, and 124 eyes met the inclusion criteria. Paired comparisons were performed for axial length (AL), mean keratometry (Km), and anterior chamber depth and quantified their agreement using Bland-Altman plots. Subgroup analyses were done according to the AL and the Km. Refractive outcomes were compared with respect to absolute prediction errors after cataract surgery in 54 eyes. Results: Among 124 eyes, 12, 3, and 5 eyes failed to be measured of AL by IOL Master 500, IOL Master 700 and Lenstar LS900, respectively. The AL measured by Lenstar LS900 was longer than that measured by IOL Master 500 and IOL Master 700 (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, respectively). Subgroup analysis revealed that these results were statistically significant only in long eyes (AL >25.5 mm). Km measured using the IOL Master 500 was steeper than that measured with the IOL Master 700 or Lenstar LS900 (p = 0.001,p < 0.001, respectively). anterior chamber depth measured by IOL Master 500 was shallower than that measured by IOL Master 700 or Lenstar LS900 (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). Ocular biometry measurements by the three devices showed high agreement with narrow 95% limits of agreement. Absolute prediction errors from the 3 devices showed no statistically significant differences after cataract surgery. Conclusions The IOL Master 700 and Lenstar LS900 demonstrated superior acquisition rates of biometric measurements compared with the IOL Master 500. Ocular biometry using the 3 different devices showed high agreement, although statistically significant differences were observed; however, since there was no difference in predicting the refractive outcomes, those differences are clinically negligible.