Anticoagulation is crucial to reducing the risk of cardioembolic strokes, particularly in vulnerable populations such as patients with atrial fibrillation, artificial heart valves, or left ventricular thrombus. Though successful, anticoagulation failure (the occurrence of an ischemic stroke or systemic embolism while receiving therapy) remains a major stroke-care issue. The reason for anticoagulation failure can be below the required threshold, inability to follow up, drug-drug interactions, preexisting hypercoagulable states, or anticoagulant resistance. This failure undermines stroke prevention and requires tailored management, often requiring more drastic or alternative interventions. This review examines what drives anticoagulation failure and explores predictors of this failure in clinical, imaging, and laboratory data. It also discusses current management techniques for improving control and points to new treatments and possible futures, such as high-resolution imaging and personalized medicine based on biomarkers, to help tackle this critical clinical problem.

Background: and Purpose The Treat Stroke to Target (TST) was a randomized clinical trial involving French and Korean patients demonstrating that a lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, <70 mg/dL) target group (LT) experienced fewer cerebro-cardiovascular events than a higher target (90–110 mg/dL) group (HT). However, whether these results can be applied to Asian patients with different ischemic stroke subtypes remains unclear. Methods: Patients from 14 South Korean centers were analyzed separately. Patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack with evidence of atherosclerosis were randomized into LT and HT groups. The primary endpoint was a composite of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary or cerebral revascularization, and cardiovascular death. Results: Among 712 enrolled patients, the mean LDL-C level was 71.0 mg/dL in 357 LT patients and 86.1 mg/dL in 355 HT patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 24 (6.7%) of LT and in 31 (8.7%) of HT group patients (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]=0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.45–1.33, P=0.353). Cardiovascular events alone occurred significantly less frequently in the LT than in the HT group (HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09–0.80, P=0.019), whereas there were no significant differences in ischemic stroke events (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.60–2.10, P=0.712). The benefit of LT was less apparent in patients with small vessel disease and intracranial atherosclerosis than in those with extracranial atherosclerosis. Conclusion In contrast to the French TST, the outcomes in Korean patients were neutral. Although LT was more effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases, it was not so in stroke prevention, probably attributed to the differences in stroke subtypes. Further studies are needed to elucidate the efficacy of statins and appropriate LDL-C targets in Asian patients with stroke.

Anticoagulation is crucial to reducing the risk of cardioembolic strokes, particularly in vulnerable populations such as patients with atrial fibrillation, artificial heart valves, or left ventricular thrombus. Though successful, anticoagulation failure (the occurrence of an ischemic stroke or systemic embolism while receiving therapy) remains a major stroke-care issue. The reason for anticoagulation failure can be below the required threshold, inability to follow up, drug-drug interactions, preexisting hypercoagulable states, or anticoagulant resistance. This failure undermines stroke prevention and requires tailored management, often requiring more drastic or alternative interventions. This review examines what drives anticoagulation failure and explores predictors of this failure in clinical, imaging, and laboratory data. It also discusses current management techniques for improving control and points to new treatments and possible futures, such as high-resolution imaging and personalized medicine based on biomarkers, to help tackle this critical clinical problem.

Background: and Purpose The Treat Stroke to Target (TST) was a randomized clinical trial involving French and Korean patients demonstrating that a lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, <70 mg/dL) target group (LT) experienced fewer cerebro-cardiovascular events than a higher target (90–110 mg/dL) group (HT). However, whether these results can be applied to Asian patients with different ischemic stroke subtypes remains unclear. Methods: Patients from 14 South Korean centers were analyzed separately. Patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack with evidence of atherosclerosis were randomized into LT and HT groups. The primary endpoint was a composite of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary or cerebral revascularization, and cardiovascular death. Results: Among 712 enrolled patients, the mean LDL-C level was 71.0 mg/dL in 357 LT patients and 86.1 mg/dL in 355 HT patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 24 (6.7%) of LT and in 31 (8.7%) of HT group patients (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]=0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.45–1.33, P=0.353). Cardiovascular events alone occurred significantly less frequently in the LT than in the HT group (HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09–0.80, P=0.019), whereas there were no significant differences in ischemic stroke events (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.60–2.10, P=0.712). The benefit of LT was less apparent in patients with small vessel disease and intracranial atherosclerosis than in those with extracranial atherosclerosis. Conclusion In contrast to the French TST, the outcomes in Korean patients were neutral. Although LT was more effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases, it was not so in stroke prevention, probably attributed to the differences in stroke subtypes. Further studies are needed to elucidate the efficacy of statins and appropriate LDL-C targets in Asian patients with stroke.

Anticoagulation is crucial to reducing the risk of cardioembolic strokes, particularly in vulnerable populations such as patients with atrial fibrillation, artificial heart valves, or left ventricular thrombus. Though successful, anticoagulation failure (the occurrence of an ischemic stroke or systemic embolism while receiving therapy) remains a major stroke-care issue. The reason for anticoagulation failure can be below the required threshold, inability to follow up, drug-drug interactions, preexisting hypercoagulable states, or anticoagulant resistance. This failure undermines stroke prevention and requires tailored management, often requiring more drastic or alternative interventions. This review examines what drives anticoagulation failure and explores predictors of this failure in clinical, imaging, and laboratory data. It also discusses current management techniques for improving control and points to new treatments and possible futures, such as high-resolution imaging and personalized medicine based on biomarkers, to help tackle this critical clinical problem.

Background: and Purpose The Treat Stroke to Target (TST) was a randomized clinical trial involving French and Korean patients demonstrating that a lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, <70 mg/dL) target group (LT) experienced fewer cerebro-cardiovascular events than a higher target (90–110 mg/dL) group (HT). However, whether these results can be applied to Asian patients with different ischemic stroke subtypes remains unclear. Methods: Patients from 14 South Korean centers were analyzed separately. Patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack with evidence of atherosclerosis were randomized into LT and HT groups. The primary endpoint was a composite of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary or cerebral revascularization, and cardiovascular death. Results: Among 712 enrolled patients, the mean LDL-C level was 71.0 mg/dL in 357 LT patients and 86.1 mg/dL in 355 HT patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 24 (6.7%) of LT and in 31 (8.7%) of HT group patients (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]=0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.45–1.33, P=0.353). Cardiovascular events alone occurred significantly less frequently in the LT than in the HT group (HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09–0.80, P=0.019), whereas there were no significant differences in ischemic stroke events (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.60–2.10, P=0.712). The benefit of LT was less apparent in patients with small vessel disease and intracranial atherosclerosis than in those with extracranial atherosclerosis. Conclusion In contrast to the French TST, the outcomes in Korean patients were neutral. Although LT was more effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases, it was not so in stroke prevention, probably attributed to the differences in stroke subtypes. Further studies are needed to elucidate the efficacy of statins and appropriate LDL-C targets in Asian patients with stroke.

Neurological diseases often manifest with neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression, emotional incontinence, anger, apathy and fatigue. In addition, affected patients may also experience psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. Various factors contribute to the development of psychotic symptoms, and the mechanisms of psychosis are similar, but still differ among various neurological diseases. Although psychotic symptoms are uncommon, and have been less well investigated, they may annoy patients and their families as well as impair the patients’ quality of life and increase the caregiver burden. Therefore, we need to appropriately identify and treat these psychotic symptoms in patients with neurological diseases.