Animal experiments are crucial in evaluating the preclinical safety and efficacy of new dental materials, drugs, instruments, and equipment by identifying and eliminating potential health risks to humans. An international team of several dental experts formulated a guideline named Preferred Reporting Items for Animal Studiesin Endodontology (PRIASE) 2021. Consisting of 11 domains, 43 individual items, and a flowchart. PRIASE provides guidance for animal experiments in dentistry and improves the quality of experiment design and reporting. This work introduces the process and basic content of the guideline and interprets the key items of its checklist with specific examples to provide reference for the reporting of animal experiment in dentistry in China.
Animals ; Animal Experimentation/standards* ; Checklist ; China ; Endodontics ; Guidelines as Topic ; Research Design

Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)is closely associated with short-term and long-term adverse outcomes for both mothers and fetuses.In recent years,with the global prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)constantly rising,there is a significant increase in GDM incidence,with notable regional variations.Current challenges in GDM management include insufficient early screening or diagnosis,limited personalized intervention strategies,and poor adherence to long-term follow-up.Key research priorities for the future include optimizing screening methods for high-risk populations,enhancing targeted lifestyle interventions,and establishing effective follow-up and long-term health management systems.In December 2024,the American Diabetes Association(ADA)released the Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025(hereafter referred to as ADA[2025]),providing updated perspectives on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus,as well as an overview of the definition,screening and diagnostic criteria,and management strategies for GDM.Based on ADA(2025)and the circumstances of clinical practice in China,we summarized the latest advancements in GDM research,aiming to improve comprehensive management strategies to prevent,delay,and improve adverse outcomes associated with GDM.

Objective To explore the changes in serum epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)and cancer anti-gen 125(CA125)levels in pregnant women with adenomyosis(AM)and their relationship with pregnancy outcomes.Methods A total of 108 pregnant women with AM(AM pregnant women group)admitted to Baoding Maternal And Child Health Hospital from June 2021 to August 2023 were collected and divided into a good preg-nancy group(n=43)and a poor pregnancy group(n=65)based on pregnancy outcomes.Meanwhile,AM patients were selected as AM group and 108 pregnant women with normal pregnancy test were selected as control group.ELISA was applied to detect the serum level of EGFR and CA125.Pearson correlation was applied to analyze the correlation between serum EGFR and CA125 in AM pregnant women.Multivariate logistic regression was applied to analyze the factors that affected the outcome of AM pregnancy.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was applied to analyze the predictive value of serum EGFR and CA125 levels for AM pregnancy outcomes.Results Compared with the control group,serum level of EGFR and CA125 in AM group and AM pregnant women group were significantly increased and serum level of EGFR and CA125 in AM pregnant women group was higher than that in AM group(P＜0.05).As the depth grading of endometrial invasion increased,serum level of EGFR and CA125 increased sequentially;The serum level of EGFR and CA125 was obviously elevated in diffuse type and proliferate phase(P＜0.05).The expression level of EGFR and CA125 in the serum of AM pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes,premature birth,placenta previa,and miscarriage was significantly increased(P＜0.05).According to Pearson correlation analysis,there was a positive correlation between serum EGFR and CA125 in AM pregnant women(r=0.487,P＜0.05).The serum level of EGFR and CA125 in good pregnancy group was lower than that in poor pregnancy group(P＜0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of serum EGFR,CA125,and their combined prediction for AM pregnancy outcome was 0.880,0.835,and 0.955,re-spectively and the combined prediction of AUC for AM pregnancy outcome was significantly higher than that of se-rum EGFR and CA125 alone prediction(Zcombination-EGFR=2.279,Zcombination-CA125=3.304,both P＜0.05).Conclusions Serum level of EGFR and CA125 in AM pregnant women is elevated,which is closely related to pregnancy outcomes and is potential risk factor for poor pregnancy in AM.The combination of the two is more ef-fective in predicting pregnancy outcomes in AM.

Pyruvate kinase M2(PKM2)is closely linked to a variety of neurological disorders,involved in the onset and progression of a wide range of diseases,including Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury through such mechanisms as aerobic glycolysis,oxidative stress,inflammation and apoptosis.This review is intended to provide an overview of the biological characteristics of PKM2 and its role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurological disorders.A better understanding of the correlations between PKM2 and the development of neurological diseases can offer new insights into and references for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

ObjectiveTo investigate the therapeutic effect of Baihe Wuyaotang （BWT） on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） and elucidate its underlying mechanism. MethodC57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to six groups： normal control， model， positive drug （pioglitazone hydrochloride 1.95×10^-3 g·kg^-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose BWT （1.3，2.5 and 5.1 g·kg^-1）. Following a 12-week high-fat diet （HFD） inducement， the mice underwent six weeks of therapeutic intervention with twice-daily drug administration. Body weight was monitored weekly throughout the treatment period. At the fifth week， glucose tolerance （GTT） and insulin tolerance （ITT） tests were conducted. Subsequently， the mice were euthanized for the collection of liver tissue and serum， and the subcutaneous adipose tissue （iWAT） and epididymal adipose tissue （eWAT） were weighed. Serum levels of total triglycerides （TG） and liver function indicators，such as alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， were determined. Histological examinations， including oil red O staining， hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， Masson staining， and transmission electron microscopy， were performed to evaluate hepatic lipid deposition， pathological morphology， and ultrastructural changes， respectively. Meanwhile， Western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） were employed to analyze alterations， at both gene and protein levels， the insulin signaling pathway molecules， including insulin receptor substrate 1/2/protein kinase B/forkhead box gene O1 （IRS1/2/Akt/FoxO1）， glycogen synthesis enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase （Pepck） and glucose-6-phosphatase （G6Pase）， lipid metabolism-related genes stearoyl-coA desaturase-1 （SCD-1） and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 （CPT-1）， fibrosis-associated molecules α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA）， type Ⅰ collagen （CollagenⅠ）， and the fibrosis canonical signaling pathway transforming growth factor-β₁/drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein2/3（TGF-β₁/p-Smad/Smad2/3）， inflammatory factors such as interleukin（IL）-6， IL-8， IL-11， and IL-1β， autophagy markers LC3B Ⅱ/Ⅰ and p62/SQSTM1， and the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）. ResultCompared with the model group， BWT reduced the body weight and liver weight of NAFLD mice（P<0.05， P<0.01）， inhibited liver lipid accumulation， and reduced the weight of white fat： it reduced the weight of eWAT and iWAT（P<0.05， P<0.01） as well as the serum TG content（P<0.05， P<0.01）. BWT improved the liver function as reflected by the reduced ALT and AST content（P<0.05， P<0.01）. It improved liver insulin resistance by upregulating IRS2， p-Akt/Akt， p-FoxO1/FoxO1 expressions（P<0.05）. Besides， it improved glucose and lipid metabolism disorders： it reduced fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose（P<0.05， P<0.01）， improved GTT and ITT（P<0.05， P<0.01）， reduced the expression of Pepck， G6Pase， and SCD-1（P<0.01）， and increased the expression of CPT-1（P<0.01）. The expressions of α-SMA， Collagen1， and TGF-β₁ proteins were down-regulated（P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the expression of p-Smad/Smad2/3 was downregulated（P<0.05）， suggesting BWT reduced liver fibrosis. BWT inhibited inflammation-related factors as it reduced the gene expression of IL-6， IL-8， IL-11 and IL-1β（P<0.01） and it enhanced autophagy by upregulating LC3B Ⅱ/Ⅰ expression（P<0.05）while downregulating the expression of p62/SQSTM1 and mTOR（P<0.05）. ConclusionBWT ameliorates NAFLD by multifaceted improvements， including improving IR and glucose and lipid metabolism， anti-inflammation， anti-fibrosis， and enhancing autophagy. In particular， BWT may enhance liver autophagy by inhibiting the mTOR-mediated signaling pathway.

Simmering method is one of the traditional processing methods of Chinese materia medica， which has been documented in the herbal literature and medical books of the past dynasties and has a great variety， but at present， there are not many specific varieties of Chinese materia medica involved， and there are few related researches. By reviewing the ancient and modern related information， the authors have organized and analyzed the historical evolution， processing purpose， modern representative Chinese materia medica（processing technology， quality evaluation， pharmacological research） of simmering method. After sorting out， it was found that the simmering method was widely used in ancient times， which was first seen in Huashi Zhongzangjing of the Eastern Han dynasty， and was enriched and developed through the Tang， Song， Jin， Yuan， Ming and Qing dynasties， and entered its heyday in Ming and Qing dynasties along with the economic prosperity and development of the Ming dynasty， involving as many as 159 varieties of Chinese materia medica， and gradually perfecting the processing theory of the simmering method. However， the number of varieties that still use the simmering method in modern times significantly decreased. The main purposes of using simmering method in modern Chinese materia medica are to reduce adverse reactions， moderate medicinal properties， enhance therapeutic effects， remove non-medicinal parts， and facilitate further processing， etc. This paper combed the key information of simmering methods for Chinese materia medica from ancient to modern times， which can provide a literature basis for the clinical application and modern research of simmered products of Chinese materia medica.

Objective To evaluate the long-term safety of related kidney donors after unilateral nephrectomy.Methods A total of 91 related donors who received nephrectomy in our hospital from 2006 to 2011 were followed up for at least 10 years by outpatient,telephone,or WeChat.During the follow-up period,the serum creatinine,serum uric acid,blood urea nitrogen,estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),hematuria,urinary protein,blood pressure,blood glucose and blood lipids of the donors were detected,and the changes before and after nephrectomy were analyzed.Results At 1 month after operation,the levels of serum creatinine,blood urea nitrogen and serum uric acid of the donor were significantly higher than those before operation(all P＜0.05),but still within the normal range.The patients were followed up for 1,3,5 and 10 years after operation.Compared with 1 month after operation,the serum creatinine,blood urea nitrogen and serum uric acid were relatively stable(all P＞0.05).The eGFR of donors of different ages remained relatively stable for a long time after operation.There were 3 cases of endoscopic hematuria and 4 cases of proteinuria after surgery,and these symptoms were relieved after rest and symptomatic treatment.Ten(11.0%)donors developed hypertension 5(5.5%)developed hyperlipidemia,and 5(5.5%)developed diabetes mellitus.No patient died.Conclusion Nephrectomy is safe and feasible for healthy related donors.To ensure the safety of the donors,comprehensive evaluation before nephrectomy and regular follow-up after nephrectomy are essential.

Thrombocytopenia is one of the common complications with the hematologic system in patients with chronic liver disease, which often causes poor quality of life and high risk of bleeding, thereby affecting their diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Platelet transfusion can improve the patient's declining platelet count to a certain extent, but it has problems such as high price and being easy to cause immune rejection. Thrombopoietin (TPO), as an important cytokine that affects platelet production, can bind to TPO receptors and activate megakaryocytes to produce platelets. Lusutrombopag is a newly developed small-molecule TPO receptor agonist that can induce bone marrow progenitor cells to differentiate into megakaryocytes and increase platelet production, posing characteristics of oral convenience, safety and effectiveness; thus, it has been used in many countries and regions for the treatment of patients with chronic liver diseases concurrent with thrombocytopenia. Herein, the pharmacological features and clinical research are reviewed.

Objective To investigate the effects of different fractions of inspired oxygen administered during general anesthesia on post-operative recovery in patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair and hysterectomy in a sub-plateau region.Methods Clinical data of 111 patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair and hysterectomy under general anesthesia were collected from the People's Hospital of Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County between April 2022 and November 2023.Based on the concentration of inhaled oxygen during general anesthesia,patients were randomly divided into three groups:100%oxygen(n=36),80%oxygen(n=38),and 60%oxygen(n=37).Respiratory-related parameters,including arterial partial pressure of oxygen(PaO2),arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO2),and oxygenation index(OI),were compared among the three groups before anesthesia induction,30 min after pneumoperito-neum,and 1 d after surgery.Postoperative pulmonary complications,incision infections,first gastrointestinal exhaust time,and length of hospitalization were recorded.Postoperative delirium and cognitive function were also assessed.Results At 30 min after pneumoperi-toneum induction,the OI in the 60%oxygen group was higher than that in the 100%oxygen group(P=0.009),whereas there was no sta-tistical difference in OI between the 80%oxygen and 100%oxygen groups(P>0.05).PaO2 and OI were lower(P<0.05)and PaCO2 was higher(P<0.05)in all groups on the 1st day after surgery than before the induction of anesthesia.PaO2 and OI were higher in the 80%oxygen group than in the 100%oxygen group(all P<0.05).PaO2 and OI were higher in the 60%oxygen group than in the 100%oxygen and 80%oxygen groups(all P<0.05).PaCO2 was lower in the 60%oxygen group than in the 100%oxygen group(P<0.001).The first gastrointestinal exhaust time was shorter in the 60%oxygen group than in the 100%oxygen group(P=0.019).No postoperative incision infections were observed in any of the three groups,and there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications,length of hospitalization,incidence of postoperative delirium,and cognitive dysfunction among the three groups(all P>0.05).Conclusion During general anesthesia for patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair and hysterectomy in a sub-pla-teau region,appropriately reducing the concentration of inspired oxygen(60%)is beneficial for postoperative respiratory and gastrointes-tinal function recovery without increasing the incidence of incision infections,postoperative delirium,and cognitive dysfunction.

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics and risk factors of pediatric kidney transplantation (KT).Methods:From January 1, 2010 to September 30, 2022, retrospective analysis was performed for the relevant clinical data of 81 pediatric recipients of primary KT at Organ Transplant Center of Shanghai Changzheng Hospital. The occurrences of acute rejection (AR) ,delayed graft function (DGF), infection, myelosuppression, tumor and other complications were observed within 1 year post-KT. They were grouped according to whether or not AR/DGF occurred. Univariate analysis speculated the effect of AR and DGF on renal function at 1 year after transplantation. Binary Logistic regression was employed for examining the risk factors related to AR/DGF.Results:During follow-ups, transplanted kidney was removed due to an embolization of renal vessels and dialysis resumed (n= 5). One child had failed graft due to the recurrence of original disease and dialysis resumed. The remaining 75 children had an excellent recovery of graft function. At the end of follow-ups, survival for transplant recipients and transplanted kidneys was 100% (81/81 ) and 92.6% (75/81) respectively. 23 patients (28.4%) developed DGF, including 20 child recipients of C-I donors. Among DGF recipients, 21 (91.3%) were immune induced with anti-CD25 humanized monoclonal antibody and 2 (8.7 %) with porcine antihuman lymphocyte immunoglobulin (pALG). Within the first year post-KT, 13 patients (16.1%) developed AR, including 11 child recipients of C-I donors. Induction was made with anti-CD25 humanized monoclonal antibody (n=8), pALG (n=4) and anti-human T lymphocyte rabbit immunoglobulin (n=1). And 12 cases were reversed with MP (methylprednisolone) shock therapy while another ineffective case was rescued by an intravenous infusion of rATG (rabbit anti-human thymocyte immunoglobulin). During postoperative follow-ups, 14 (17.3 %) KT recipients had an onset of pulmonary infection (n=7), upper respiratory tract infection (n=3), urinary tract infection (n=5), gastrointestinal infection (n=2) and abdominal cavity infection (n=1). The causative pathogens were bacteria (n=14) and viruses (n=4). Among 7 cases (8.6%) of myelosuppression, there were leukopenia (n=6) and thrombocytopenia (n=1 ). During 1-year follow-ups, no malignancy occurred. At the last follow-up, blood creatinine was (72.79±21.07) μmol/L in non-AR/DGF recipients. For AR/DGF recipients, blood creatinine levels were (68.83±10.78) and (74.20±18.70) μmol/L. There was no significant inter-group difference ( F=0.14, P=0.87). In groups with and without DGF, the incidence of bone marrow suppression in the children with DGF was significantly higher (21. 74 %) than that in the untreated group (3.45%), with a statistically significant difference ( P=0.02). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the age, sex, donor source, infection, and types of immune-induced drugs in AR, DGF occurrence and no occurrence group. logistic Regression analysis showed that immunoinduction therapy with lymphocyte inhibitor ( OR=0.074, 95 %CI: 0.009-0.0643, P=0.018) and bone marrow suppression ( OR=0.045, 95%CI: 0.004-0.515, P=0.013) were risk factors for DGF. Conclusion:KT in children may obtain decent outcomes. Immunoinduction therapy with lymphocyte inhibitors and occurrence of myelosuppression are risk factors for postoperative DGF. The occurrence of AR/DGF in early postoperative period does not affect the level of kidney function in children at 1 year post-KT. It is recommended to closely follow up and accumulate experiences for optimizing long-term outcomes.