Objective:To analyze the incidence and risk factors of malignant tumors among HIV-infected patients in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province.Methods:The data were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and the Taizhou Chronic Disease Information Management System. A retrospective cohort study design was used. The subjects were HIV-infected patients who had their household registration in Taizhou from 2005 to 2023 and participated in the follow-up. The observation period was until December 31, 2024. The standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of malignant tumors among HIV-infected patients were analyzed. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of malignant tumor incidence.Results:A total of 3 593 HIV-infected patients were included, of whom 292 had malignant tumors. The proportions of AIDS-defining malignancies and non-AIDS-defining malignancies were 12.33% (36/292) and 87.67% (256/292), respectively. The proportion of malignant tumors before and after AIDS confirmation was 43.49% (127/292) and 56.51% (165/292), respectively. 3 466 HIV-infected patients were included in the follow-up cohort, with a total follow-up of 24 968.59 person-years. The incidence rate of malignant tumors in patients with HIV infection was 658.46 per 100 000 (SIR=1.89, 95% CI: 1.61-2.20). The SIR of malignant tumors showed an upward trend with the increase of time. The results of Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis showed that HIV-infected patients in the age groups of 45-59 and ≥60 years (a HR=2.58, 95% CI: 1.26-5.28; a HR=5.00, 95% CI: 2.38-10.51) were more likely to develop malignant tumors. HIV-infected patients with an educational level of senior high school or above (a HR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.29-0.95) and those in the first CD4 +T lymphocyte/CD8 +T lymphocyte count ratio ≥0.5 (a HR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.28-0.97) were less likely to develop malignant tumors. Conclusions:From 2005 to 2023, the incidence of malignant tumors among HIV-infected people in Taizhou was higher than that of the general population, and most of them were non-AIDS-defining malignancies. It is necessary to strengthen the early screening and diagnosis of malignant tumors among HIV-infected patients.

Animal experiments are crucial in evaluating the preclinical safety and efficacy of new dental materials, drugs, instruments, and equipment by identifying and eliminating potential health risks to humans. An international team of several dental experts formulated a guideline named Preferred Reporting Items for Animal Studiesin Endodontology (PRIASE) 2021. Consisting of 11 domains, 43 individual items, and a flowchart. PRIASE provides guidance for animal experiments in dentistry and improves the quality of experiment design and reporting. This work introduces the process and basic content of the guideline and interprets the key items of its checklist with specific examples to provide reference for the reporting of animal experiment in dentistry in China.
Animals ; Animal Experimentation/standards* ; Checklist ; China ; Endodontics ; Guidelines as Topic ; Research Design

Objective To investigate the effect of indigo on inflammatory factors and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)/NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced keratinocytes(HaCaT cells).Methods An LPS-induced HaCaT cell model was established,and experimental groups were set as follows:blank group,model group,indigo group,AhR agonist(2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin,TCDD)group,AhR inhibitor(CH-223191)group,and indigo+AhR inhibitor group.The Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)assay was used to detect the effects of different concentrations of indigo,TCDD,and CH-223191 on HaCaT cell viability after 24 hours of intervention.Quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)was employed to measure the mRNA expression levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),AhR,cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1(CYP1A1),NLRP3,Caspase-1,and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein(ASC)in each group.Western Blot analysis was used to assess changes in the cellular localization of AhR protein expression.Results(1)The IC50 of indigo intervention in HaCaT cells was 118.7 μmol·L-1.Treatment with different concentrations of CH-223191 and TCDD for 24 hours had no significant effect on HaCaT cell viability.(2)Compared with the model group,the indigo group showed decreased mRNA expression levels of IL-1β,NF-κB,NLRP3,and Caspase-1(P＜0.05 or P＜0.000 1),while the mRNA expression levels of AhR and CYP1A1 were significantly increased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.000 1).(3)Compared with the blank group,the indigo group reduced cytoplasmic AhR protein expression and increased nuclear AhR protein expression(P＜0.001 or P＜0.000 1).(4)Compared with the model group,both the indigo group and the AhR agonist group significantly increased AhR mRNA expression levels(P＜0.05),while the AhR inhibitor group decreased AhR and CYP1A1 mRNA expression levels(P＜0.05)and increased IL-1β and NLRP3 mRNA expression levels(P＜0.05).(5)Compared with the AhR inhibitor group,the indigo+AhR inhibitor group showed increased mRNA expression levels of AhR and CYP1A1(P＜0.05)and decreased mRNA expression levels of NLRP3,Caspase-1,and IL-1β(P＜0.05).Conclusion Indigo reduces inflammatory factors in LPS-induced HaCaT cells and participates in inhibiting the occurrence and development of psoriasis by activating AhR to negatively regulate the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)is closely associated with short-term and long-term adverse outcomes for both mothers and fetuses.In recent years,with the global prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)constantly rising,there is a significant increase in GDM incidence,with notable regional variations.Current challenges in GDM management include insufficient early screening or diagnosis,limited personalized intervention strategies,and poor adherence to long-term follow-up.Key research priorities for the future include optimizing screening methods for high-risk populations,enhancing targeted lifestyle interventions,and establishing effective follow-up and long-term health management systems.In December 2024,the American Diabetes Association(ADA)released the Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025(hereafter referred to as ADA[2025]),providing updated perspectives on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus,as well as an overview of the definition,screening and diagnostic criteria,and management strategies for GDM.Based on ADA(2025)and the circumstances of clinical practice in China,we summarized the latest advancements in GDM research,aiming to improve comprehensive management strategies to prevent,delay,and improve adverse outcomes associated with GDM.

Objective To explore and analyze the implementation effect of the combined traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and Western medicine DRG payment model in TCM hospitals,aiming to provide a reference for the reform of medical in-surance payment methods in such hospitals.Methods R language was utilized to statistically analyze the costs and other indica-tors of the sample hospitals before and after the implementation of the combined TCM and Western medicine DRG payment within 1-2 years.Results Following the implementation of the combined TCM and Western medicine DRG payment,there was a de-crease in average hospitalization costs and average length of stay,accompanied by an increase in CMI(average weight).The cost structure underwent changes:the proportions of western medicine fees and auxiliary examination fees decreased,whereas the pro-portion of TCM treatment fees increased.Significant statistical differences were observed in each group of data(p＜2.2e-16).Conclusion The combined TCM and Western medicine DRG payment reform model can facilitate TCM hospitals in reducing medical costs,controlling medical expenses,optimizing the cost structure,and promoting the development of TCM diagnosis and treatment characteristics.

Objective:To analyze the incidence and risk factors of malignant tumors among HIV-infected patients in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province.Methods:The data were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and the Taizhou Chronic Disease Information Management System. A retrospective cohort study design was used. The subjects were HIV-infected patients who had their household registration in Taizhou from 2005 to 2023 and participated in the follow-up. The observation period was until December 31, 2024. The standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of malignant tumors among HIV-infected patients were analyzed. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of malignant tumor incidence.Results:A total of 3 593 HIV-infected patients were included, of whom 292 had malignant tumors. The proportions of AIDS-defining malignancies and non-AIDS-defining malignancies were 12.33% (36/292) and 87.67% (256/292), respectively. The proportion of malignant tumors before and after AIDS confirmation was 43.49% (127/292) and 56.51% (165/292), respectively. 3 466 HIV-infected patients were included in the follow-up cohort, with a total follow-up of 24 968.59 person-years. The incidence rate of malignant tumors in patients with HIV infection was 658.46 per 100 000 (SIR=1.89, 95% CI: 1.61-2.20). The SIR of malignant tumors showed an upward trend with the increase of time. The results of Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis showed that HIV-infected patients in the age groups of 45-59 and ≥60 years (a HR=2.58, 95% CI: 1.26-5.28; a HR=5.00, 95% CI: 2.38-10.51) were more likely to develop malignant tumors. HIV-infected patients with an educational level of senior high school or above (a HR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.29-0.95) and those in the first CD4 +T lymphocyte/CD8 +T lymphocyte count ratio ≥0.5 (a HR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.28-0.97) were less likely to develop malignant tumors. Conclusions:From 2005 to 2023, the incidence of malignant tumors among HIV-infected people in Taizhou was higher than that of the general population, and most of them were non-AIDS-defining malignancies. It is necessary to strengthen the early screening and diagnosis of malignant tumors among HIV-infected patients.

Objective To explore and analyze the implementation effect of the combined traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and Western medicine DRG payment model in TCM hospitals,aiming to provide a reference for the reform of medical in-surance payment methods in such hospitals.Methods R language was utilized to statistically analyze the costs and other indica-tors of the sample hospitals before and after the implementation of the combined TCM and Western medicine DRG payment within 1-2 years.Results Following the implementation of the combined TCM and Western medicine DRG payment,there was a de-crease in average hospitalization costs and average length of stay,accompanied by an increase in CMI(average weight).The cost structure underwent changes:the proportions of western medicine fees and auxiliary examination fees decreased,whereas the pro-portion of TCM treatment fees increased.Significant statistical differences were observed in each group of data(p＜2.2e-16).Conclusion The combined TCM and Western medicine DRG payment reform model can facilitate TCM hospitals in reducing medical costs,controlling medical expenses,optimizing the cost structure,and promoting the development of TCM diagnosis and treatment characteristics.

The rational use of medical consumables in clinical practice is of great significance for improving medical quality and controlling medical costs. In June 2023, a tertiary hospital established a management organization system, formulated a list of key monitored medical consumables, built supporting information system and database, and established a warning mechanism, to explore the rationality evaluation path for clinical use of medical consumables through in-depth analysis of the entire hospital-department-disease-surgical procedure. This evaluation path achieved good results. Taking absorbable hemostatic gauze as an example, through implementing this evaluation path, problems with the clinical use of this consumable were promptly identified, and targeted improvements were made. After rectification, the number of absorbable hemostatic gauze used in the third quarter of 2023 (209.0 pieces) had decreased compared to the second quarter of the same year (254.0 pieces), and clinical use was more reasonable and standardized. This evaluation path achieved refined control over key monitored medical consumables, which could provide references for other hospitals to carry out the management of clinical rational use of medical consumables.

Objective:To analyze the research hotspots and trends of the consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR) in nursing through bibliometrics, so as to provide reference for implementation research in nursing in China.Methods:The article on the application of CFIR in nursing was searched in the Web of Science core collection, with a search period from database establishment to August 8, 2023. CiteSpace 6.2.R4 software was used for analysis.Results:A total of 165 articles were included. The overall number of articles on the application of CFIR in nursing was on the rise. The top five countries with the highest number of publications were the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. The top five institutions in terms of publication volume were the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the Veterans Health Administration, the University of North Carolina, the University of Pennsylvania, and the Feinberg School of Medicine. Research hotspots included implementation science, implementation research, qualitative research, acceptability, barriers, systematic review, health disparities, symptom management, quality improvement, primary health care, and so on.Conclusions:The research on CFIR in the domestic nursing field is still in its early stages. We should draw on the experience of foreign study, verify the applicability of the Chinese version of CFIR and the connotation of its various elements, and promote the development of high-quality nursing implementation research.

Simmering method is one of the traditional processing methods of Chinese materia medica， which has been documented in the herbal literature and medical books of the past dynasties and has a great variety， but at present， there are not many specific varieties of Chinese materia medica involved， and there are few related researches. By reviewing the ancient and modern related information， the authors have organized and analyzed the historical evolution， processing purpose， modern representative Chinese materia medica（processing technology， quality evaluation， pharmacological research） of simmering method. After sorting out， it was found that the simmering method was widely used in ancient times， which was first seen in Huashi Zhongzangjing of the Eastern Han dynasty， and was enriched and developed through the Tang， Song， Jin， Yuan， Ming and Qing dynasties， and entered its heyday in Ming and Qing dynasties along with the economic prosperity and development of the Ming dynasty， involving as many as 159 varieties of Chinese materia medica， and gradually perfecting the processing theory of the simmering method. However， the number of varieties that still use the simmering method in modern times significantly decreased. The main purposes of using simmering method in modern Chinese materia medica are to reduce adverse reactions， moderate medicinal properties， enhance therapeutic effects， remove non-medicinal parts， and facilitate further processing， etc. This paper combed the key information of simmering methods for Chinese materia medica from ancient to modern times， which can provide a literature basis for the clinical application and modern research of simmered products of Chinese materia medica.