Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， as one of the three major causes of death， is a complex systemic disease with high prevalence， high mortality， high disability， frequent acute exacerbations， and a variety of pulmonary complications. The pathogenesis is complex. Western medicine has no effective specificity scheme for a complete cure. However， multiple-component and multiple-target characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） demonstrate significant advantages in COPD treatment through multi-link， multi-pathway， and multi-mechanism intervention. Therefore， exploring the essence of COPD pathogenesis and discovering effective TCM treatment drugs through the application of TCM principles and prescriptions is a key focus of modern research. Animal models are of paramount importance in medical research. It is the first consideration to select appropriate animals， adopt reasonable modeling methods to replicate stable animal models that closely resemble the clinical manifestations and pathophysiological characteristics of COPD， and use appropriate evaluation methods to determine the success of COPD animal models in experimental research. The core of experimental research lies in observing the intervention effect of TCM on COPD animal models， exploring the specific pathways and regulatory mechanisms of TCM on COPD disease， and finding TCM monomers， single herbs， and TCM formulas with definite curative effects. At present， animal model research on COPD mainly involves model establishment， model evaluation， efficacy observation， mechanism exploration， and other aspects. In recent years， there has been no systematic organization， update， and reflection on the relevant research on TCM intervention in COPD animal models. This study reviewed the selection of animals for the COPD model， methods for establishing COPD animal models， model evaluation methods， and the intervention effects of TCM on COPD animal models. It aims to grasp the current research status and identify existing problems for further improvement， in order to provide evidence and support for scientific research and clinical treatment of COPD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， as one of the three major causes of death， is a complex systemic disease with high prevalence， high mortality， high disability， frequent acute exacerbations， and a variety of pulmonary complications. The pathogenesis is complex. Western medicine has no effective specificity scheme for a complete cure. However， multiple-component and multiple-target characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） demonstrate significant advantages in COPD treatment through multi-link， multi-pathway， and multi-mechanism intervention. Therefore， exploring the essence of COPD pathogenesis and discovering effective TCM treatment drugs through the application of TCM principles and prescriptions is a key focus of modern research. Animal models are of paramount importance in medical research. It is the first consideration to select appropriate animals， adopt reasonable modeling methods to replicate stable animal models that closely resemble the clinical manifestations and pathophysiological characteristics of COPD， and use appropriate evaluation methods to determine the success of COPD animal models in experimental research. The core of experimental research lies in observing the intervention effect of TCM on COPD animal models， exploring the specific pathways and regulatory mechanisms of TCM on COPD disease， and finding TCM monomers， single herbs， and TCM formulas with definite curative effects. At present， animal model research on COPD mainly involves model establishment， model evaluation， efficacy observation， mechanism exploration， and other aspects. In recent years， there has been no systematic organization， update， and reflection on the relevant research on TCM intervention in COPD animal models. This study reviewed the selection of animals for the COPD model， methods for establishing COPD animal models， model evaluation methods， and the intervention effects of TCM on COPD animal models. It aims to grasp the current research status and identify existing problems for further improvement， in order to provide evidence and support for scientific research and clinical treatment of COPD.

Lung cancer is the malignant tumor with the highest morbidity and mortality worldwide. The number of cases and deaths in China also remains at a high level， posing a severe threat to human health. In recent years， although early diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for lung cancer have been continuously optimized， with clinical interventions mainly consisting of surgery， radiotherapy， chemotherapy， targeted therapy， and immunotherapy， the patient prognosis remains unsatisfactory. The core reason is that the mechanisms underlying lung cancer development and progression have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore， delving into the molecular mechanisms and key regulatory nodes is of great significance for improving diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes. In recent years， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and its active components have demonstrated unique advantages and potential in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer through epigenetic regulation. Studies have confirmed that single herbs， compound formulas， and active components of TCM can exert anti-tumor effects by modulating epigenetic pathways such as DNA methylation， histone modification， and non-coding RNAs. These effects include inhibiting tumor cell proliferation， inducing apoptosis， reducing invasive and metastatic capacity， regulating the cell cycle， and modulating the tumor microenvironment， thereby blocking the initiation and progression of lung cancer. Furthermore， TCM shows significant advantages in enhancing the anti-tumor efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents and alleviating treatment-related adverse effects. However， the current research on TCM-based epigenetic regulation of lung cancer remains at a preliminary exploratory stage. Common limitations include the complexity of targets， a predominant focus on crude herbal extracts or single epigenetic modifications， and a lack of systematic elucidation of the synergistic effects among multiple epigenetic modifications and the regulatory networks involving multicellular interactions. This article reviews the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the development and progression of lung cancer and summarizes the basic and clinical research progress in TCM interventions， aiming to offer insights for further elucidating lung cancer pathogenesis and exploring TCM-based therapeutic strategies.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， as a chronic respiratory disease that can be prevented and intervened but cannot be completely cured， has increasing incidence and mortality rates year by year， often complicated by one or more comorbidities. However， there is currently no specific treatment available. Therefore， the healthcare issues related to COPD are urgent and prominent. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） delays the progression of COPD through multiple mechanisms， pathways， and targets. As a result， exploring the pathogenesis of COPD and identifying TCM treatment approaches and effective prescriptions are key issues that urgently need to be addressed in clinical practice. In TCM， COPD is categorized into syndromes such as "cough"， "asthma"， and "lung distension". It is believed that the deficiency in the origin runs through the entire disease. When external pathogens invade， Qi becomes disordered， and phlegm and blood stasis begin to accumulate， leading to an excess condition in the manifestation. Modern medicine research on the pathogenesis of COPD mainly involves aspects such as inflammatory response， oxidative stress， autophagy imbalance， and aging. Studies have found that Chinese medicine monomers， single herbs， and compound prescriptions can improve COPD by inhibiting inflammation， reducing oxidative damage， correcting autophagy， and delaying aging. However， there is no study that intuitively organizes the various pathogenesis mechanisms of COPD and their interrelationships. At the same time， research on the therapeutic effects of TCM on COPD primarily focuses on exploring a single mechanism or pathway， without integrating multiple mechanisms， pathways， and targets. Additionally， there are very few studies that summarize the corresponding relationships between the various pathogenesis mechanisms of COPD and the regulatory effects and signaling pathways of Chinese medicine. This study， for the first time， combines the latest literature in China and abroad to explain the various pathogenesis mechanisms of COPD and their interrelationships using a combination of graphs， text， and tables. It also outlines the signaling pathways， targets， and mechanisms of Chinese medicine monomers， single herbs， and compound prescriptions in regulating COPD， in order to provide new ideas and strategies for the in-depth research and systematic treatment of COPD with TCM.

Guided by the pathogenesis of"structure-activity imbalance of lung collaterals",this paper proposes that structure-activity imbalance of lung collaterals is the initial factor of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF)and elucidates the pathogenesis of abnormal changes in biomechanical properties of IPF.It is postulated that the changes of biomechanical properties of lung tissue are closely related to the injury of lung qi collaterals,the abnormal mechanical stress are closely related to the injury of lung blood collaterals,and the biomechanical response of intrapulmonary resident cells is closely related to the structure-activity imbalance of lung collaterals,which ultimately leading to abnormal increase in lung tissue stiffness and progressive scarring formation in lung tissue.Integrating traditional pathogenesis concepts with microscopic pathological changes,and the in-depth exploration of the correlation between the structure-activity imbalance of lung collaterals and the biomechanical properties of IPF can provide direction for exploring IPF medical-engineering cross research,which are of great significance for enriching the syndrome and treatment system of lung collateral diseases.

ObjectiveTo assess the therapeutic effectiveness and safety of the traditional Chinese medicine compound Shenlong decoction in addressing the symptoms of pulmonary deficiency and stasis in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis （IPF）. MethodsSixty eligible patients with lung deficiency and collateral stasis syndrome of IPF were randomly assigned to the observation （30 patients） and control groups （30 patients）. All patients underwent standard Western medical therapy. Additionally，the observation group received Shenlong decoction granules，while the control group received a placebo. Both treatments were packaged in four doses of 10.5 g each，taken twice daily for three months. The indexes of the patients during the treatment cycle were observed，and the main indexes include traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome scores and 6 min walk test （6MWT）. The secondary indexes include pulmonary function test ［actual value/expected value of total lung volume （TLC%），actual value/expected value of vital capacity（FVC%），actual/predicted diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide（DLCO%），actual/predicted forced expiratory volume in one second （FEV₁%），and FEV₁/ forced vital capacity （FVC）］，blood gas analysis ［arterial blood diathesis partial pressure of oxygen （PaO₂），partial pressure of carbon dioxide （PaCO₂），and arterial oxygen saturation （SaO₂）］，serum inflammatory factors ［transforming growth factor-β₁ （TGF-β₁），interleukin-4 （IL-4），interleukin-13 （IL-13），interleukin-12 （IL-12），and gamma-interferon （IFN-γ）］，and quality of survival evaluation ［St George's Respiratory Questionnaire （SGRQ） score］. The patients' clinical manifestations were determined at the end of the treatment， and the occurrence of adverse events was recorded. ResultsA total of 53 patients completed the study，comprising 27 in the control group and 26 in the observation group. Upon completion of the treatment period，the control group achieved a total effective rate of 33.33% （9/27），whereas the observation group demonstrated a total effective rate of 53.85% （14/26），which was statistically superior to the control group （χ²=4.034，P<0.05）. After the treatment，the TCM syndrome scores，6MWT，DLCO%，FEV₁%，PaO₂，PaCO₂，TGF-β₁，IL-4，IL-13，IL-12，and IFN-γ in the two groups were all significantly improved （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the control group after treatment at the same period，the TCM syndrome scores，6MWT，PaO₂，and PaCO₂ were significantly improved in the observation group after 60 days and 90 days of medication （P<0.01）. Three months after the end of medication，the SGRQ score in the observation group showed significant improvement when compared to that in the control group （P<0.05），and no severe adverse events were reported during the follow-up period. ConclusionCompound Shenlong decoction can alleviate clinical symptoms such as shortness of breath and wheezing in patients with lung deficiency and collateral stasis syndrome of IPF，enhance exercise tolerance，improve the quality of life，and have certain potential advantages in improving pulmonary function.

ObjectiveTo assess the therapeutic effectiveness and safety of the traditional Chinese medicine compound Shenlong decoction in addressing the symptoms of pulmonary deficiency and stasis in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis （IPF）. MethodsSixty eligible patients with lung deficiency and collateral stasis syndrome of IPF were randomly assigned to the observation （30 patients） and control groups （30 patients）. All patients underwent standard Western medical therapy. Additionally，the observation group received Shenlong decoction granules，while the control group received a placebo. Both treatments were packaged in four doses of 10.5 g each，taken twice daily for three months. The indexes of the patients during the treatment cycle were observed，and the main indexes include traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome scores and 6 min walk test （6MWT）. The secondary indexes include pulmonary function test ［actual value/expected value of total lung volume （TLC%），actual value/expected value of vital capacity（FVC%），actual/predicted diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide（DLCO%），actual/predicted forced expiratory volume in one second （FEV₁%），and FEV₁/ forced vital capacity （FVC）］，blood gas analysis ［arterial blood diathesis partial pressure of oxygen （PaO₂），partial pressure of carbon dioxide （PaCO₂），and arterial oxygen saturation （SaO₂）］，serum inflammatory factors ［transforming growth factor-β₁ （TGF-β₁），interleukin-4 （IL-4），interleukin-13 （IL-13），interleukin-12 （IL-12），and gamma-interferon （IFN-γ）］，and quality of survival evaluation ［St George's Respiratory Questionnaire （SGRQ） score］. The patients' clinical manifestations were determined at the end of the treatment， and the occurrence of adverse events was recorded. ResultsA total of 53 patients completed the study，comprising 27 in the control group and 26 in the observation group. Upon completion of the treatment period，the control group achieved a total effective rate of 33.33% （9/27），whereas the observation group demonstrated a total effective rate of 53.85% （14/26），which was statistically superior to the control group （χ²=4.034，P<0.05）. After the treatment，the TCM syndrome scores，6MWT，DLCO%，FEV₁%，PaO₂，PaCO₂，TGF-β₁，IL-4，IL-13，IL-12，and IFN-γ in the two groups were all significantly improved （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the control group after treatment at the same period，the TCM syndrome scores，6MWT，PaO₂，and PaCO₂ were significantly improved in the observation group after 60 days and 90 days of medication （P<0.01）. Three months after the end of medication，the SGRQ score in the observation group showed significant improvement when compared to that in the control group （P<0.05），and no severe adverse events were reported during the follow-up period. ConclusionCompound Shenlong decoction can alleviate clinical symptoms such as shortness of breath and wheezing in patients with lung deficiency and collateral stasis syndrome of IPF，enhance exercise tolerance，improve the quality of life，and have certain potential advantages in improving pulmonary function.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF)is a chronic progressive disease with a short survival time after diagnosis.Current treatments using western medicines have shown poor efficacy and lung transplantation is costly,highlighting the need to find new,safe,and effective treatments.Animal experiments are important for investigating the mechanisms of drug action,and suitable animal models of IPF are required for experimental research.Bleomycin is commonly used to induce IPF models.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has the advantages of multiple therapeutic targets and few adverse reactions,and is gradually gaining attention for the treatment of IPF.Ongoing experimental research is being carried out to verify the specific targets and mechanisms of TCM in the treatment of IPF,utilizing animal models of IPF.This review considers the selection of animal models of IPF,the method used to induce,establish,and evaluate the models,and the interventional effects of TCM.We also summarize the best modeling method for animal models of IPF and the current status of TCM treatments to provide a basis for further scientific research and the clinical treatment of IPF.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF)is a chronic progressive disease with a short survival time after diagnosis.Current treatments using western medicines have shown poor efficacy and lung transplantation is costly,highlighting the need to find new,safe,and effective treatments.Animal experiments are important for investigating the mechanisms of drug action,and suitable animal models of IPF are required for experimental research.Bleomycin is commonly used to induce IPF models.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has the advantages of multiple therapeutic targets and few adverse reactions,and is gradually gaining attention for the treatment of IPF.Ongoing experimental research is being carried out to verify the specific targets and mechanisms of TCM in the treatment of IPF,utilizing animal models of IPF.This review considers the selection of animal models of IPF,the method used to induce,establish,and evaluate the models,and the interventional effects of TCM.We also summarize the best modeling method for animal models of IPF and the current status of TCM treatments to provide a basis for further scientific research and the clinical treatment of IPF.

Guided by the pathogenesis of"structure-activity imbalance of lung collaterals",this paper proposes that structure-activity imbalance of lung collaterals is the initial factor of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF)and elucidates the pathogenesis of abnormal changes in biomechanical properties of IPF.It is postulated that the changes of biomechanical properties of lung tissue are closely related to the injury of lung qi collaterals,the abnormal mechanical stress are closely related to the injury of lung blood collaterals,and the biomechanical response of intrapulmonary resident cells is closely related to the structure-activity imbalance of lung collaterals,which ultimately leading to abnormal increase in lung tissue stiffness and progressive scarring formation in lung tissue.Integrating traditional pathogenesis concepts with microscopic pathological changes,and the in-depth exploration of the correlation between the structure-activity imbalance of lung collaterals and the biomechanical properties of IPF can provide direction for exploring IPF medical-engineering cross research,which are of great significance for enriching the syndrome and treatment system of lung collateral diseases.