Proprotein convertase subtilisin/KEXIN type 9(PCSK9)is the ninth member of the pro pro-tein convertase family and released into the blood-stream.It reduces the availability of low-density li-poprotein receptors and leads to the accumulation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma,thereby promoting the development of atheroscle-rotic plaques and thrombotic events.In addition to its classical pathway,recent studies have demon-strated multiple non-classical pathways by which PCSK9 influences the development of atherosclero-sis-related diseases,including participation in in-flammatory responses,regulation of autophagy and cell apoptosis,promotion of platelet activation and thrombus formation,etc.This article provides an overview of the latest progress in the molecular mechanism by which PCSK9 affects atherosclerotic diseases through non-lipid-dependent pathways.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/KEXIN type 9(PCSK9)is the ninth member of the pro pro-tein convertase family and released into the blood-stream.It reduces the availability of low-density li-poprotein receptors and leads to the accumulation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma,thereby promoting the development of atheroscle-rotic plaques and thrombotic events.In addition to its classical pathway,recent studies have demon-strated multiple non-classical pathways by which PCSK9 influences the development of atherosclero-sis-related diseases,including participation in in-flammatory responses,regulation of autophagy and cell apoptosis,promotion of platelet activation and thrombus formation,etc.This article provides an overview of the latest progress in the molecular mechanism by which PCSK9 affects atherosclerotic diseases through non-lipid-dependent pathways.

Objective To investigate the change of heart rate turbulence in patients with chronic heart failure and relationship to age、LVEF、LVED、heart rate before ventricular premature complex (VPC)、coupling interval、compensatory interval、the number and origin of VPC.Methods HRT was measured in 30 CHF patients and 30 healthy controls.HRT onset and slope were measured by the original definitions using Holter records and compared with the clinical factors.Results The HRT TS was significantly lower in patients wtih heart failure than in control (3.17?2.03vs9.64?6.47,P