Keratoconus(KC)is a blinding eye disease caused by a variety of factors, with its pathogenesis still not well understood. In recent years, it has been discovered that sex hormones and prolactin-induced protein(PIP)have a profound impact on the cornea, with more noticeable changes when there are abnormalities in their body content. It has been found that various sex hormone receptors are distributed in the cornea. Based on this, this article reviews a multitude of studies on how sex hormones and PIP affect the cornea, along with relevant clinical research. It has been observed that sex hormones and PIP also play a role in KC patients and influence the occurrence and progression of KC. Additionally, it has been noted that pregnant and lactating women may be more susceptible to KC. Sex hormones and PIP have the potential to become new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This article not only provides new insights but also offers important references for clinical practice.

Keratoconus(KC)is a blinding eye disease caused by a variety of factors, with its pathogenesis still not well understood. In recent years, it has been discovered that sex hormones and prolactin-induced protein(PIP)have a profound impact on the cornea, with more noticeable changes when there are abnormalities in their body content. It has been found that various sex hormone receptors are distributed in the cornea. Based on this, this article reviews a multitude of studies on how sex hormones and PIP affect the cornea, along with relevant clinical research. It has been observed that sex hormones and PIP also play a role in KC patients and influence the occurrence and progression of KC. Additionally, it has been noted that pregnant and lactating women may be more susceptible to KC. Sex hormones and PIP have the potential to become new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This article not only provides new insights but also offers important references for clinical practice.

Ligusticum sinense cv.Fuxiong derived from"Xiongqiong",and in the Song Dynasty's Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang,it was already distinguished from Chuanxiong Rhizoma in usage.Doctors in the Ming Dynasty further clarified the differences in efficacy between the two.However,with the widespread circulation of Chuanxiong Rhizoma,Ligusticum sinense cv.Fuxiong gradually became marginalized,serving as a substitute,and is now only cultivated and used in small quantities within Jiangxi Province.This article reviewed the prescriptions and the ancient Chinese medical books that have records of Ligusticum sinense cv.Fuxiong,analyzed its specific applications alongside Chuanxiong Rhizoma in prescriptions and case studies to elucidate their differences in efficacy:Ligusticum sinense cv.Fuxiong is pungent and has strong dispersing power and is good at unblocking meridians and promoting qi circulation,which is suitable for excessive syndromes;Chuanxiong Rhizoma is good at promoting blood circulation and relieving pain,and is good at regulating and nourishing,which is suitable for patients with deficiency syndromes,aiming to provide insights and recommendations for the further development and rational clinical medication of Ligusticum sinense cv.Fuxiong.

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a disease in which apnea and hypopnea occur during sleep, and the main symptoms are sleep snoring. OSAHS is not only closely related to the occurrence of various eye diseases, but also the severity of OSAHS can affect the progression of related eye diseases. At present, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an effective means to treat OSAHS, and the progression of related eye diseases has been improved correspondingly after CPAP treatment. In the future, it is necessary to further study the pathogenesis of OSAHS and enrich the research evidence of the association between OSAHS and eye diseases, so as to provide more comprehensive theoretical evidence for the prevention and treatment of OSAHS-related eye diseases.

A 58-year-old female patient presented with red papules, plaques, and scabs on her right foot accompanied by pain and itching for 14 years. Dermatological examination revealed extensive red plaques on her right foot and ankle, with scattered red papules in between; some of the plaques were covered with a moderate amount of yellow-brown crusts, and a small amount of yellow exudate was observed at the junction of the toes and the dorsum of the foot. Histopathological examination of the skin lesions showed hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, neutrophil aggregation in the epidermis, and mixed inflammatory cell infiltration in the dermis. Three different types of colonies were cultured from the skin lesion tissues: light brown granular colonies, black granular colonies, and white-brown filamentous colonies. Under the microscope, the filamentous colonies appeared as long chains of brown conidia with short cylindrical beaks, while the black and light brown granular colonies appeared as clusters of spores, with single or multiple septa inside, and some budding spores were observed. Electron microscopy further confirmed the above structures. Molecular biological analysis revealed that the three types of colonies were all identified as Alternaria alternata. The patient was diagnosed with cutaneous alternariosis caused by Alternaria alternata with special morphology. After 7 months of treatment with oral itraconazole, the skin lesions healed, and no recurrence was observed during a 3-year follow-up.

Research on IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), an autoimmune condition recognized to be a unique disease entity only two decades ago, has processed from describing patients' symptoms and signs to summarizing its critical pathological features, and further to investigating key pathogenic mechanisms. Challenges in gaining a better understanding of the disease, however, stem from its relative rarity-potentially attributed to underrecognition-and the absence of ideal experimental animal models. Recently, with the development of various high-throughput techniques, "omics" studies at different levels (particularly the single-cell omics) have shown promise in providing detailed molecular features of IgG4-RD. While, the application of omics approaches in IgG4-RD is still at an early stage. In this paper, we review the current progress of omics research in IgG4-RD and discuss the value of machine learning methods in analyzing the data with high dimensionality.
Humans ; Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease/metabolism* ; Immunoglobulin G/metabolism* ; Machine Learning ; Animals ; Proteomics/methods*

A 58-year-old female patient presented with red papules, plaques, and scabs on her right foot accompanied by pain and itching for 14 years. Dermatological examination revealed extensive red plaques on her right foot and ankle, with scattered red papules in between; some of the plaques were covered with a moderate amount of yellow-brown crusts, and a small amount of yellow exudate was observed at the junction of the toes and the dorsum of the foot. Histopathological examination of the skin lesions showed hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, neutrophil aggregation in the epidermis, and mixed inflammatory cell infiltration in the dermis. Three different types of colonies were cultured from the skin lesion tissues: light brown granular colonies, black granular colonies, and white-brown filamentous colonies. Under the microscope, the filamentous colonies appeared as long chains of brown conidia with short cylindrical beaks, while the black and light brown granular colonies appeared as clusters of spores, with single or multiple septa inside, and some budding spores were observed. Electron microscopy further confirmed the above structures. Molecular biological analysis revealed that the three types of colonies were all identified as Alternaria alternata. The patient was diagnosed with cutaneous alternariosis caused by Alternaria alternata with special morphology. After 7 months of treatment with oral itraconazole, the skin lesions healed, and no recurrence was observed during a 3-year follow-up.

Ligusticum sinense cv.Fuxiong derived from"Xiongqiong",and in the Song Dynasty's Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang,it was already distinguished from Chuanxiong Rhizoma in usage.Doctors in the Ming Dynasty further clarified the differences in efficacy between the two.However,with the widespread circulation of Chuanxiong Rhizoma,Ligusticum sinense cv.Fuxiong gradually became marginalized,serving as a substitute,and is now only cultivated and used in small quantities within Jiangxi Province.This article reviewed the prescriptions and the ancient Chinese medical books that have records of Ligusticum sinense cv.Fuxiong,analyzed its specific applications alongside Chuanxiong Rhizoma in prescriptions and case studies to elucidate their differences in efficacy:Ligusticum sinense cv.Fuxiong is pungent and has strong dispersing power and is good at unblocking meridians and promoting qi circulation,which is suitable for excessive syndromes;Chuanxiong Rhizoma is good at promoting blood circulation and relieving pain,and is good at regulating and nourishing,which is suitable for patients with deficiency syndromes,aiming to provide insights and recommendations for the further development and rational clinical medication of Ligusticum sinense cv.Fuxiong.

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a disease in which apnea and hypopnea occur during sleep, and the main symptoms are sleep snoring. OSAHS is not only closely related to the occurrence of various eye diseases, but also the severity of OSAHS can affect the progression of related eye diseases. At present, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an effective means to treat OSAHS, and the progression of related eye diseases has been improved correspondingly after CPAP treatment. In the future, it is necessary to further study the pathogenesis of OSAHS and enrich the research evidence of the association between OSAHS and eye diseases, so as to provide more comprehensive theoretical evidence for the prevention and treatment of OSAHS-related eye diseases.

Traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome (TSOFS) is a symptom complex caused by nerve entrapment in the supraorbital fissure after skull base trauma. If the compressed cranial nerve in the supraorbital fissure is not decompressed surgically, ptosis, diplopia and eye movement disorder may exist for a long time and seriously affect the patients′ quality of life. Since its overall incidence is not high, it is not familiarized with the majority of neurosurgeons and some TSOFS may be complicated with skull base vascular injury. If the supraorbital fissure surgery is performed without treatment of vascular injury, it may cause massive hemorrhage, and disability and even life-threatening in severe cases. At present, there is no consensus or guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS that can be referred to both domestically and internationally. To improve the understanding of TSOFS among clinical physicians and establish standardized diagnosis and treatment plans, the Skull Base Trauma Group of the Neurorepair Professional Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Neurosurgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Traumatology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and Editorial Committee of Chinese Journal of Trauma organized relevant experts to formulate Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome ( version 2024) based on evidence of evidence-based medicine and clinical experience of diagnosis and treatment. This consensus puts forward 12 recommendations on the diagnosis, classification, treatment, efficacy evaluation and follow-up of TSOFS, aiming to provide references for neurosurgeons from hospitals of all levels to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS.