Research on IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), an autoimmune condition recognized to be a unique disease entity only two decades ago, has processed from describing patients' symptoms and signs to summarizing its critical pathological features, and further to investigating key pathogenic mechanisms. Challenges in gaining a better understanding of the disease, however, stem from its relative rarity-potentially attributed to underrecognition-and the absence of ideal experimental animal models. Recently, with the development of various high-throughput techniques, "omics" studies at different levels (particularly the single-cell omics) have shown promise in providing detailed molecular features of IgG4-RD. While, the application of omics approaches in IgG4-RD is still at an early stage. In this paper, we review the current progress of omics research in IgG4-RD and discuss the value of machine learning methods in analyzing the data with high dimensionality.
Humans ; Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease/metabolism* ; Immunoglobulin G/metabolism* ; Machine Learning ; Animals ; Proteomics/methods*

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a disease in which apnea and hypopnea occur during sleep, and the main symptoms are sleep snoring. OSAHS is not only closely related to the occurrence of various eye diseases, but also the severity of OSAHS can affect the progression of related eye diseases. At present, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an effective means to treat OSAHS, and the progression of related eye diseases has been improved correspondingly after CPAP treatment. In the future, it is necessary to further study the pathogenesis of OSAHS and enrich the research evidence of the association between OSAHS and eye diseases, so as to provide more comprehensive theoretical evidence for the prevention and treatment of OSAHS-related eye diseases.

Intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) is a common cause of ischemic stroke. The evaluation of its structure and function is of great significance for formulating clinical intervention strategies. The indications for endovascular treatment of ICAS lesions in the past were mainly based on the degree of luminal stenosis showed by cerebral angiography, which had certain limitations. The translesional pressure ratio (PR), as an important indicator for functional assessment after arterial stenosis, has gradually received attention in the evaluation of ICAS lesions in recent years. This article reviews the evaluation methods and clinical significance of PR in ICAS lesions.

Keratoconus(KC)is a blinding eye disease caused by a variety of factors, with its pathogenesis still not well understood. In recent years, it has been discovered that sex hormones and prolactin-induced protein(PIP)have a profound impact on the cornea, with more noticeable changes when there are abnormalities in their body content. It has been found that various sex hormone receptors are distributed in the cornea. Based on this, this article reviews a multitude of studies on how sex hormones and PIP affect the cornea, along with relevant clinical research. It has been observed that sex hormones and PIP also play a role in KC patients and influence the occurrence and progression of KC. Additionally, it has been noted that pregnant and lactating women may be more susceptible to KC. Sex hormones and PIP have the potential to become new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This article not only provides new insights but also offers important references for clinical practice.

Keratoconus(KC)is a blinding eye disease caused by a variety of factors, with its pathogenesis still not well understood. In recent years, it has been discovered that sex hormones and prolactin-induced protein(PIP)have a profound impact on the cornea, with more noticeable changes when there are abnormalities in their body content. It has been found that various sex hormone receptors are distributed in the cornea. Based on this, this article reviews a multitude of studies on how sex hormones and PIP affect the cornea, along with relevant clinical research. It has been observed that sex hormones and PIP also play a role in KC patients and influence the occurrence and progression of KC. Additionally, it has been noted that pregnant and lactating women may be more susceptible to KC. Sex hormones and PIP have the potential to become new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This article not only provides new insights but also offers important references for clinical practice.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of integrating clinical pathological characteristics with genetic testing for occult lymph node metastasis(OLNM)in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTMC).Methods A total of 104 PTMC patients admitted to our hospital between May 2023 and May 2025 were included in the study.All patients showed no evidence of suspicious lymph node metastasis on preoperative imaging and underwent standard thyroidectomy with central lymph node dissection.Based on postoperative pathological con-firmation of central lymph node metastasis status,patients were classified into an OLNM-positive group(n=53)and an OLNM-negative group(n=51).Baseline characteristics,clinicopathological features,BRAFV600E gene mutation status,and TERT promoter mutation status were compared between the two groups.To identify factors independently associated with OLNM in PTMC patients,multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)was utilized to assess the predictive performance of a combined model incorporating clinical,pathological,and genetic features for OLNM.Results Compared with the OLNM-negative group,the OLNM-positive group exhibited significantly higher preoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)levels(P<0.05).Moreover,the OLNM-positive group demonstrated significantly greater proportions of tumors with diameter>0.5 cm,multifocality,microcalcifications,capsule invasion,extrathyroidal extension,T3 stage,BRAFV600E mutation,and TERT promoter mutation(all P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified preoperative TSH level,tumor diameter>0.5 cm,multifocal lesions,capsule invasion,extrathyroidal extension,T stage,BRAFV600E mutation,and TERT promoter mutation as independent risk factors for OLNM in patients with PTMC(all P<0.05).ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the integrated model combining clinical pathological features-including tumor diameter,number of lesions,microcalcification,capsule invasion,extrathy-roidal extension,and T stage-with genetic markers(BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations)exhibited the highest predictive performance,yielding an AUC of 0.940.This was significantly higher than the model based solely on clinical pathological features(AUC=0.736)or those relying exclusively on genetic testing(BRAFV600E:AUC=0.860;TERT:AUC=0.882),with all comparisons reaching statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusions The integration of clinical pathological features with genetic testing significantly improved the predictive accuracy of OLNM in PTMC patients,surpassing models based solely on individual clinical pathological characteristics or genetic tests alone.This multimodal strategy offers a robust,evidence-based foundation for personalized surgical planning and enhances the precision of clinical decision-making in the management of PTMC.

Objective To investigate the clinical features,treatment and prognosis of primary testicular lymphoma(PTL),so as to provide reference for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of this disease.Methods Clinical data of 13 PTL cases treated in Xijing Hospital during Jan.2014 and Dec.2024 were retrospectively collected.The patients' diagnosis,treatment methods and prognosis were summarized.Results All 13 patients underwent orchiectomy of the affected side.According to the postoperative pathological results,11 cases were diagnosed as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 2 as NK/T-cell lymphoma.Among the 11 cases with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,10 received immunotherapy and chemotherapy according to the international standardized treatment plan,and 5 received preventive myeloablative injection therapy.Recurrence in the contralateral testis occurred in 3 cases,1 complicated with central nervous system infiltration died,and another 1 refusing chemotherapy had contralateral testicular metastasis.Of the 2 cases with NK/T-cell lymphoma,1 received systemic chemotherapy and died after central nervous system recurrence,and another 1 died 1 month after surgery whithout undergoing chemotherapy.Conclusion Primary testicular lymphoma is highly invasive with poor prognosis.Patients with NK/T-cell lymphoma have extremely poor prognosis,while those with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma have relatively better prognosis.However,even after comprehensive treatment,it is still prone to recurrence in the testis and the central nervous system.

Objective To investigate the clinical features,treatment and prognosis of primary testicular lymphoma(PTL),so as to provide reference for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of this disease.Methods Clinical data of 13 PTL cases treated in Xijing Hospital during Jan.2014 and Dec.2024 were retrospectively collected.The patients' diagnosis,treatment methods and prognosis were summarized.Results All 13 patients underwent orchiectomy of the affected side.According to the postoperative pathological results,11 cases were diagnosed as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 2 as NK/T-cell lymphoma.Among the 11 cases with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,10 received immunotherapy and chemotherapy according to the international standardized treatment plan,and 5 received preventive myeloablative injection therapy.Recurrence in the contralateral testis occurred in 3 cases,1 complicated with central nervous system infiltration died,and another 1 refusing chemotherapy had contralateral testicular metastasis.Of the 2 cases with NK/T-cell lymphoma,1 received systemic chemotherapy and died after central nervous system recurrence,and another 1 died 1 month after surgery whithout undergoing chemotherapy.Conclusion Primary testicular lymphoma is highly invasive with poor prognosis.Patients with NK/T-cell lymphoma have extremely poor prognosis,while those with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma have relatively better prognosis.However,even after comprehensive treatment,it is still prone to recurrence in the testis and the central nervous system.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of integrating clinical pathological characteristics with genetic testing for occult lymph node metastasis(OLNM)in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTMC).Methods A total of 104 PTMC patients admitted to our hospital between May 2023 and May 2025 were included in the study.All patients showed no evidence of suspicious lymph node metastasis on preoperative imaging and underwent standard thyroidectomy with central lymph node dissection.Based on postoperative pathological con-firmation of central lymph node metastasis status,patients were classified into an OLNM-positive group(n=53)and an OLNM-negative group(n=51).Baseline characteristics,clinicopathological features,BRAFV600E gene mutation status,and TERT promoter mutation status were compared between the two groups.To identify factors independently associated with OLNM in PTMC patients,multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)was utilized to assess the predictive performance of a combined model incorporating clinical,pathological,and genetic features for OLNM.Results Compared with the OLNM-negative group,the OLNM-positive group exhibited significantly higher preoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)levels(P<0.05).Moreover,the OLNM-positive group demonstrated significantly greater proportions of tumors with diameter>0.5 cm,multifocality,microcalcifications,capsule invasion,extrathyroidal extension,T3 stage,BRAFV600E mutation,and TERT promoter mutation(all P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified preoperative TSH level,tumor diameter>0.5 cm,multifocal lesions,capsule invasion,extrathyroidal extension,T stage,BRAFV600E mutation,and TERT promoter mutation as independent risk factors for OLNM in patients with PTMC(all P<0.05).ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the integrated model combining clinical pathological features-including tumor diameter,number of lesions,microcalcification,capsule invasion,extrathy-roidal extension,and T stage-with genetic markers(BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations)exhibited the highest predictive performance,yielding an AUC of 0.940.This was significantly higher than the model based solely on clinical pathological features(AUC=0.736)or those relying exclusively on genetic testing(BRAFV600E:AUC=0.860;TERT:AUC=0.882),with all comparisons reaching statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusions The integration of clinical pathological features with genetic testing significantly improved the predictive accuracy of OLNM in PTMC patients,surpassing models based solely on individual clinical pathological characteristics or genetic tests alone.This multimodal strategy offers a robust,evidence-based foundation for personalized surgical planning and enhances the precision of clinical decision-making in the management of PTMC.

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a disease in which apnea and hypopnea occur during sleep, and the main symptoms are sleep snoring. OSAHS is not only closely related to the occurrence of various eye diseases, but also the severity of OSAHS can affect the progression of related eye diseases. At present, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an effective means to treat OSAHS, and the progression of related eye diseases has been improved correspondingly after CPAP treatment. In the future, it is necessary to further study the pathogenesis of OSAHS and enrich the research evidence of the association between OSAHS and eye diseases, so as to provide more comprehensive theoretical evidence for the prevention and treatment of OSAHS-related eye diseases.