This paper reviews the published articles of recent years on the application of deep learning methods in automatic localization of acupoint, and summarizes it from 3 key links, i.e. the dataset construction, the neural network model design, and the accuracy evaluation of acupoint localization. The significant progress has been obtained in the field of deep learning for acupoint localization, but the scale of acupoint detection needs to be expanded and the precision, the generalization ability, and the real-time performance of the model be advanced. The future research should focus on the support of standardized datasets, and the integration of 3D modeling and multimodal data fusion, so as to increase the accuracy and strengthen the personalization of acupoint localization.
Deep Learning ; Acupuncture Points ; Humans ; Neural Networks, Computer

The construction of experimental animal models plays an important supporting role in research into the mechanisms of action of Chinese medicines.There have been increasing reports of the construction and evaluation of animal models of spleen deficiency;however,the construction method have involved different standards and there has been insufficient objectification of the evaluation indexes.In this review,we summarize the construction and evaluation method of animal models of spleen deficiency from the aspects of animal selection,model establishment,macroscopic characterization,behavioral experiments,and objective indexes of spleen deficiency,with a view to providing theoretical guidance for the construction of experimental animal models of spleen deficiency and references for the selection of animal model platforms for spleen deficiency.

Objective This study aimed to develop an experimental animal platform for evaluating the feasibility and safety of intelligent acupuncture robots and to lay the foundation for further research.Methods Six 2-month-old Guangxi Bama miniature pigs were used as experimental subjects for acupuncture verification after anesthesia.First,manual acupuncture verification was carried out.Six acupoints were selected for each experimental animal and the needles were left for 20 min after the lifting,inserting,and twisting manipulation.Before and after controls were included.The experiment was carried out for 28 days,and each experiment was conducted once every 2 days for a total of 10 times.After verification of manual acupuncture,a point 10 mm from each of the six selected acupoints was selected,with a total of 12 points,and acupuncture operations were carried out on the experimental animals using the intelligent acupuncture module of the acupuncture robot at different frequencies and angles,to further verify the stability and feasibility of the animal platform.Results Routine safety-related blood indicators and blood biochemistry indicators after the procedure were normal and stable compared with those before the procedure.The average heart rate of the animals was 124 beats/min,the average blood pressure was 87/36 mmHg,and the average body temperature of was 36℃at a room temperature of 25℃,with no significant change in body temperature during and after the experiment.On the basis of this experimental platform,acupuncture manipulation using the intelligent acupuncture module of the acupuncture robot was completed successfully,with no abnormalities related to acupuncture such as bending,breaking,or stagnation of needles during the experimental process,and the experimental animals showed no obvious abnormalities.Conclusions This study established a stable experimental animal platform for evaluating the feasibility and safety of acupuncture carried out by intelligent acupuncture robots,based on the existing experimental method of miniature pigs.These result lay a foundation for further research related to the use of intelligent acupuncture robots.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of a newly developed intelligent acupuncture robot that simulates human manual acupuncture techniques through an animal experiment using miniature pigs. METHODS: Two 3-month-old Bama miniature pigs were selected. One pig was used for the manual needling techniques of the practitioner, and the other pig was used for the intelligent acupuncture robot. The acupoints selected were "Qiangfeng" "Bojian" "Xiaokua" "Huiyang" (BL 35) and "Baihui" (GV 20), with a straight insertion depth of 25-35 mm. The manipulation techniques, including lifting-thrusting and twisting at a frequency of 90 times/min, were applied for 1 min, with 30 s each for lifting-thrusting (10 mm amplitude) and twisting (180° angle). The practitioner's needling techniques were captured using an optical motion capture system, and the collected data were input into the intelligent acupuncture robot for replication on the second miniature pig. A complete needling session of five acupoints was considered one round, and three rounds were performed per session, every other day, for a total of five sessions, completing 15 rounds. The Fréchet distance method was used to compare the robot's replicated needling data with the practitioner's data, and curve fitting analysis was conducted to evaluate the robot's performance and precision. RESULTS: The intelligent acupuncture robot achieved a total completion rate of 96.00% for 75 needling operations, with a non-completion rate of 4.00%. The robot's replication of the practitioner's needling techniques showed a good fit, with many characteristic points overlapping. The average Fréchet distance was 18.67. The Fréchet distance for the lifting-thrusting and twisting techniques at Baihui (GV 20) and "Huiyang" (BL 35) acupoints was smaller than that at "Xiaokua" and "Qiangfeng" points (P<0.01). The accuracy of the lifting-thrusting technique at "Xiaokua" and "Qiangfeng" acupoints was lower than the twisting technique (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The intelligent acupuncture robot is able to replicate the pre-recorded manual needling parameters with a high degree of accuracy.
Animals ; Swine ; Swine, Miniature ; Acupuncture Therapy/methods* ; Robotics/instrumentation* ; Humans ; Acupuncture Points ; Female ; Male

Objective:To investigate the relationship between the levels of serum cytokines and chemokines and the prognosis of patients with acute B-ALL after receiving chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell immunotherapy and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in patients after bridging allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).Methods:According to the case-control principle, Forty-two patients with B-ALL who received CD19-CAR-T cell immunotherapy bridged to allo-HSCT at Heibei Yanda Ludaopei Hospital from September 18, 2019 to May 9, 2022 were enrolled. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the changes of aGVHD-related cytokines and chemokine levels between CAR-T cell immunotherapy and bridging transplantation in different patients at the same time. Their plasma levels of cytokines and chemokines related to aGVHD were monitored at the day before CAR-T therapy and after CAR-T treatment at day 4, 7,14,21,28. The receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of cytokines and chemokines in predicting the occurrence and the death of aGVHD patients. Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank tests were used for Overall survival (OS) analysis. Results:Twenty-four of total 42 patients had aGVHD, of which 11 patients died and 31 patients survived. There was no significant difference in cytokines and chemokines between the aGVHD group and the non-aGVHD group on the day before CAR-T cell treatment. According to statistical analysis, the serum Elafin levels of aGVHD group was higher than that of non-aGVHD group at the 21st day [4 482 (2 811, 6 061) ng/L vs 2 466 (1 948, 3 375) ng/L, Z=3.145, P=0.001] and the 28st day [4 391 (2 808, 5594) ng/L vs 2 463 (1 658, 2 830) ng/L, Z=2.038, P=0.048] separately. At the 14th day, serum cytokines and chemokines levels between the two group were as follows,MIP-1 α [21.02 (12.36, 30.35) ng/L vs 5.56 (3.64, 10.79) ng/L], sCD25 [422.47 (257.99, 1 233.78) IU/ml vs 216.11 (133.75,457.39) IU/ml], Elafin [4 101 (2 393, 5 006) ng/L vs 2 155 (1 781, 3 033) ng/L], IL-6 [119.08 (23.97, 183.43) ng/L vs 8.39 (2.91, 17.42) ng/L] and IL-8 [13.56 (12.50, 24.52) ng/L vs 2.83 (1.73,6.87) ng/L] were at higher levels ( Z=2.653, P=0.007; Z=2.176, P=0. 030; Z=2.058, P=0.041; Z=3.329, P<0.001; Z=3.162, P=0.001). The KM survival curve showed that the cumulative survival rates of patients with higher serum levels of MIP-1α, sCD25, Elafin, IL-6 and IL-8 were lower than those with low levels at day 14, and the difference was statistically significant (χ 2=12.353, 4.890, 6.551, 10.563, 20.755, P<0.05). Conclusion:The outcomes of patients treated with CAR-T cell therapy bridged to allo-HSCT was correlated with serum MIP-1α, sCD25, Elafin, IL-6 and IL-8 levels after receiving CAR-T therapy. High concentrations of MIP-1α, sCD25, Elafin, IL-6 and IL-8 suggest poor prognosis and can be used as biomarkers to suggest appropriate clinical selection of therapy.

Objective:To construct the nursing assistant classification service standards based on the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Scale, Barthel Index, so as to provide an objective basis for service management of nursing assistants.Methods:The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University formulated the classification service standards for nursing assistants according to the ADL Scale in June 2018. Pre-implementation group (from June 2017 to May 2018) and post-implementation group (June 2018 to May 2019) were divided according to the implementation start time. The self-designed Electronic Satisfaction Questionnaire was used to compare the satisfaction of patients and their family members, head nurses and nurses with working quality of nursing assistants, satisfaction of nursing assistants with working and the turnover rate of nursing assistants before and after implementation.Results:After implementation, the median of satisfaction score of patients and their family members on the work of nursing assistants dropped from 21 to 14, and the turnover rate of nursing assistants decreased from 59.6% to 29.0% with statistical differences ( P<0.01) . Conclusions:Application of ADL to evaluate the classification service standards for nursing assistants can improve the working quality and satisfaction of nursing assistants and reduce the turnover rate which is worthy of promotion in nursing management of nursing assistants.

Objective To investigate the quality of life of army recruits in their basic military training period,and to analyze the influence of job burnout and work satisfaction on their quality of life.Methods A total of 625 recruits enrolled in 2014 of Xinjiang Army troop were chosen as subjects in this study by stratified cluster random sampling.Quality of life was assessed by Chinese version SF-36(Short-Form Health Survey Scale),job burnout was assessed by Chinese version Maslach Burnout inventory general survey (MBI-GS) and work satisfaction was assessed by Chinese version Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ).Results The scores of PCS and MCS about 597 recruits were (85.93±12.62) and (81.10±14.12) respectively.According to demographic characteristics,the score of physiological function was lower than that of non-smoking group (t=2.009,P＜0.05),the score of role physical was lower than that of non-smoking group (t=2.617,P＜0.05),and the score of PCS was lower than that of non-smoking group (t=2.141,P＜0.05).As to except reported health transition,there were negative correlations between emotional exhaustion,depersonalization and other SF-36 scales (r=-0.344～-0.661,P＜0.01) respectively.There were negative correlations between personal accomplishment and vitality (r=-0.204,P＜0.05),role emotional (r=-0.239,P＜0.05),mental health (r=-0.289,P＜0.05) and MCS (r=-0.276,P＜0.05) respectively.Work satisfaction and quality of life was positively correlated (r=0.243～0.635,P＜0.01).As to the independent variable,regression analysis showed that emotional exhaustion (β=-4.732,P＜0.01),Minnesota external satisfaction (β=0.783,P＜0.01) influenced PCS,the difference was statistically significant.Emotional exhaustion(β=-6.534,P＜0.01),pre-enlistment place of residence (β=-5.319,P＜ 0.05),Minnesota external satisfaction (β=0.813,P＜0.01)influenced MCS,the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion Job burnout and work satisfaction influence the quality of life about the army recruits,the more job burnout signify the lower quality of life,and its influence on mental health is more significant.The higher work satisfaction signify the higher quality of life.

Objective: To investigate the fatigue status of military personnel stationed in plateau and high cold region, and to analyze the mediator effect of trait coping style on job stress and fatigue. Methods: In October 2010, with the method of cluster random sampling survey, 531 military personnel stationed in plateau and high cold region were chosen as subject. The fatigue status were evaluated by the Chinese version multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI-20) , job stress were evaluated by the Job Stress Survey (JSS) , and trait coping style were evaluated by the Trait Coping Style Questionnaire (TCSQ) . Results: According to the information of different population characteristics, mean rank of physical fatigue about the urban (town) group were higher than that of rural group (Z=-2.200, P<0.05) ; mean rank of reduced motivation about the urban (town) group were higher than that of rural group (Z=-2.781, P<0.05) ; mean rank of general fatigue scores about the urban (town) group were higher than that of rural group (Z=-3.026, P<0.05) ; mean rank of physical fatigue about the up or equal 20-years old age group were higher than that of below 20-years old age group (Z=-4.045, P<0.05) ; mean rank of reduced motivation about the up or equal 20-years old age group were higher than that of below 20-years old age group (Z=-2.182, P<0.05) ; mean rank of mental fatigue about the up or equal 20-years old age group were higher than that of below 20-years old age group (Z=-2.879, P<0.05) ; mean rank of general fatigue scores about the up or equal 20-years old age group were higher than that of below 20-years old age group (Z=-3.647, P<0.05) ; mean rank of reduced motivation were significant statistical difference among the military officers, sergeancy and soldier group (F=18.965, P<0.05) ; mean rank of general fatigue scores were significant statistical difference among the military officers, sergeancy and soldier group (F=14.711, P<0.05) . The score of negative coping style were positively correlated with the score of physical fatigue (r_s=0.129) , reduced activity (r_s=0.123) , reduced motivation (r_s=0.149) and general fatigue (r_s=0.174) respectively, the score of organizational support lack strength were positively correlated with the score of physical fatigue (r_s=0.090) , reduced activity (r_s=0.098) , reduced motivation (r_s=0.099) and general fatigue (r_s=0.130) respectively. The mediator effect of negative coping style on the job stress and fatigue was 0.013 (P<0.01) . Conclusion The fatigue statuses of the urban (town) group and the up or equal 20-years old age group are poor, and the negative coping style plays mediator effect on the job stress and fatigue.

Objective To explore the effects of job content on psychological stress in young recruits.Methods In October 2014,625 young recruits enrolled in one troop of Xinjiang Military Command in 2014 were chosen as subjects by multi-stage stratified random sampling.The Chinese version of the job content questionnaire (JCQ) and the psychological stress self evaluation test (PEST) were used to investigate the subjects.The subjects were divided into two groups with scores higher and lower than the mean score of three subscales (job requirement,degree of autonomy,and social support) of JCQ to explore the effects of job content on psychological stress in young recruits.The correlation of psychological stress with three subscales of job content was evaluated using the Pearson's correlation analysis.Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors for psychological stress.Results The PEST score of young recruits was 49.98± 9.98.Forty-five (7.68％) out of them had scores of ≥70 points and were diagnosed with high levels of psychological stress.When the subjects were grouped based on socio-demographic characteristics,a high level of psychological stress was significantly more frequent in subjects less than 20 years of age than in those not less than 20 years of age,in smoking subjects than in non-smoking subjects,and in urban residents than in rural residents (10.42％ vs 5.03％,P＜0.05;10.14％ vs 5.33％,P＜0.05;10.85％ vs 5.88％,P ＜0.05).There were no significant differences in educational level or identity before recruitment between subjects with different levels of psychological stress (P＞0.05).In various job content domains that had impacts on psychological stress,subjects with a low score of social support had significantly higher PEST scores than those with a high score of social support (50.96±10.35 vs 48.49±9.22,P＜0.01).The PEST score was negatively correlated with the degree of autonomy and social support(r=-0.103,P＜0.05;r=-0.239,P＜0.05).The results of logistic regression analysis showed that job requirement and social support were influencing factors for psychological stress (OR =0.718,95％CI=0.718 (0.607～0.851),P＜0.05;OR=1.185,95％CI=1.185 (1.087～1.292),P＜0.05).Conclusion Psychological stress of young recruits in army is not optimistic.Psychological stress is weakly negatively correlated with social support.The low scores on job requirement subscale and social support subscale may be potential protective factor and risk factor for psychological stress,respectively.

Objective To explore the effects of job content on psychological stress in young recruits.Methods In October 2014,625 young recruits enrolled in one troop of Xinjiang Military Command in 2014 were chosen as subjects by multi-stage stratified random sampling.The Chinese version of the job content questionnaire (JCQ) and the psychological stress self evaluation test (PEST) were used to investigate the subjects.The subjects were divided into two groups with scores higher and lower than the mean score of three subscales (job requirement,degree of autonomy,and social support) of JCQ to explore the effects of job content on psychological stress in young recruits.The correlation of psychological stress with three subscales of job content was evaluated using the Pearson's correlation analysis.Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors for psychological stress.Results The PEST score of young recruits was 49.98± 9.98.Forty-five (7.68％) out of them had scores of ≥70 points and were diagnosed with high levels of psychological stress.When the subjects were grouped based on socio-demographic characteristics,a high level of psychological stress was significantly more frequent in subjects less than 20 years of age than in those not less than 20 years of age,in smoking subjects than in non-smoking subjects,and in urban residents than in rural residents (10.42％ vs 5.03％,P＜0.05;10.14％ vs 5.33％,P＜0.05;10.85％ vs 5.88％,P ＜0.05).There were no significant differences in educational level or identity before recruitment between subjects with different levels of psychological stress (P＞0.05).In various job content domains that had impacts on psychological stress,subjects with a low score of social support had significantly higher PEST scores than those with a high score of social support (50.96±10.35 vs 48.49±9.22,P＜0.01).The PEST score was negatively correlated with the degree of autonomy and social support(r=-0.103,P＜0.05;r=-0.239,P＜0.05).The results of logistic regression analysis showed that job requirement and social support were influencing factors for psychological stress (OR =0.718,95％CI=0.718 (0.607～0.851),P＜0.05;OR=1.185,95％CI=1.185 (1.087～1.292),P＜0.05).Conclusion Psychological stress of young recruits in army is not optimistic.Psychological stress is weakly negatively correlated with social support.The low scores on job requirement subscale and social support subscale may be potential protective factor and risk factor for psychological stress,respectively.