Hypoglossal nerve palsy is a rare complication related to airway management during general anesthesia. Its diagnosis can be delayed when postoperative tongue swelling mimics a neoplasm. This paper reports a case of isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy after endotracheal intubation. A 65-year-old woman developed dysphagia and impaired tongue protrusion after orbital floor fracture surgery. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation revealed a 3-mm mass-like lesion at the tongue base, and magnetic resonance imaging showed asymmetric swelling of the left tongue and oropharyngeal wall. The tongue strength measured using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) at six days post-onset was 10 kPa, which was markedly lower than the age norms. Electromyography revealed the fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves in the left tongue muscle, confirming isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy. Oral methylprednisolone was administered for five days, followed by a five-day taper, with concurrent tongue-strengthening rehabilitation. One month later, the tongue strength improved, reaching a maximal pressure of 24 kPa. The mass-like lesion had resolved on follow-up and was interpreted as a pseudotumor caused by edema and mechanical compression. Complete recovery was achieved by the six-month follow-up. This case highlights the utility of IOPI for early quantitative assessment of tongue weakness and highlights that early diagnosis and steroid treatment can facilitate recovery.

Nanobodies derived from camelids and sharks offer unique advantages in therapeutic applications due to their ability to bind to epitopes that were previously inaccessible. Traditional methods of nanobody development face challenges such as ethical concerns and antigen toxicity. Our study presents a synthetic, phagedisplayed nanobody library using trinucleotide-directed mutagenesis technology, which allows precise amino acid composition in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), with a focus on CDR3 diversity. This approach avoids common problems such as frameshift mutations and stop codon insertions associated with other synthetic antibody library construction methods. By analyzing FDA-approved nanobodies and Protein Data Bank sequences, we designed sub-libraries with different CDR3 lengths and introduced amino acid substitutions to improve solubility. The validation of our library through the successful isolation of nanobodies against targets such as PD-1, ATXN1 and STAT3 demonstrates a versatile and ethical platform for the development of high specificity and affinity nanobodies and represents a significant advance in biotechnology.

A 74-year-old woman presented with a progressive pattern of dysphagia and odynophagia over one month.Magnetic resonance imaging of the neck revealed diffuse swelling from the tongue base and velum extending to the posterior pharyngeal wall. Instrumental evaluation of swallowing showed decreased peristalsis in the esophageal phase, accompanied by severe swelling of the hypopharynx, which limited laryngeal elevation and subsequently led to decreased bolus clearance and impaired airway protection. Laboratory studies revealed a 61% increase in eosinophil count. An endoscopic biopsy of the esophagus confirmed the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis. The patient was administered intravenous dexamethasone at a total dosage of 45 mg/day for 7 days. The eosinophil count dropped to the normal range, correlating with the improvement in dysphagia and aspiration. Eosinophilic esophagitis often presents in children and rarely involves the oropharyngeal structures. Due to its specific involvement of the esophagus, it seldom leads to aspiration. By contrast, the extension of eosinophilic inflammation from the esophagus to the oropharynx in this case resulted in atypical symptoms such as odynophagia and aspiration. The therapeutic approach can be challenging due to the difficulty in administering topical steroids, which are often the treatment of choice. However, the condition showed an excellent response to intravenous steroid therapy.

A 74-year-old woman presented with a progressive pattern of dysphagia and odynophagia over one month.Magnetic resonance imaging of the neck revealed diffuse swelling from the tongue base and velum extending to the posterior pharyngeal wall. Instrumental evaluation of swallowing showed decreased peristalsis in the esophageal phase, accompanied by severe swelling of the hypopharynx, which limited laryngeal elevation and subsequently led to decreased bolus clearance and impaired airway protection. Laboratory studies revealed a 61% increase in eosinophil count. An endoscopic biopsy of the esophagus confirmed the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis. The patient was administered intravenous dexamethasone at a total dosage of 45 mg/day for 7 days. The eosinophil count dropped to the normal range, correlating with the improvement in dysphagia and aspiration. Eosinophilic esophagitis often presents in children and rarely involves the oropharyngeal structures. Due to its specific involvement of the esophagus, it seldom leads to aspiration. By contrast, the extension of eosinophilic inflammation from the esophagus to the oropharynx in this case resulted in atypical symptoms such as odynophagia and aspiration. The therapeutic approach can be challenging due to the difficulty in administering topical steroids, which are often the treatment of choice. However, the condition showed an excellent response to intravenous steroid therapy.

Nanobodies derived from camelids and sharks offer unique advantages in therapeutic applications due to their ability to bind to epitopes that were previously inaccessible. Traditional methods of nanobody development face challenges such as ethical concerns and antigen toxicity. Our study presents a synthetic, phagedisplayed nanobody library using trinucleotide-directed mutagenesis technology, which allows precise amino acid composition in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), with a focus on CDR3 diversity. This approach avoids common problems such as frameshift mutations and stop codon insertions associated with other synthetic antibody library construction methods. By analyzing FDA-approved nanobodies and Protein Data Bank sequences, we designed sub-libraries with different CDR3 lengths and introduced amino acid substitutions to improve solubility. The validation of our library through the successful isolation of nanobodies against targets such as PD-1, ATXN1 and STAT3 demonstrates a versatile and ethical platform for the development of high specificity and affinity nanobodies and represents a significant advance in biotechnology.

Nanobodies derived from camelids and sharks offer unique advantages in therapeutic applications due to their ability to bind to epitopes that were previously inaccessible. Traditional methods of nanobody development face challenges such as ethical concerns and antigen toxicity. Our study presents a synthetic, phagedisplayed nanobody library using trinucleotide-directed mutagenesis technology, which allows precise amino acid composition in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), with a focus on CDR3 diversity. This approach avoids common problems such as frameshift mutations and stop codon insertions associated with other synthetic antibody library construction methods. By analyzing FDA-approved nanobodies and Protein Data Bank sequences, we designed sub-libraries with different CDR3 lengths and introduced amino acid substitutions to improve solubility. The validation of our library through the successful isolation of nanobodies against targets such as PD-1, ATXN1 and STAT3 demonstrates a versatile and ethical platform for the development of high specificity and affinity nanobodies and represents a significant advance in biotechnology.

Nanobodies derived from camelids and sharks offer unique advantages in therapeutic applications due to their ability to bind to epitopes that were previously inaccessible. Traditional methods of nanobody development face challenges such as ethical concerns and antigen toxicity. Our study presents a synthetic, phagedisplayed nanobody library using trinucleotide-directed mutagenesis technology, which allows precise amino acid composition in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), with a focus on CDR3 diversity. This approach avoids common problems such as frameshift mutations and stop codon insertions associated with other synthetic antibody library construction methods. By analyzing FDA-approved nanobodies and Protein Data Bank sequences, we designed sub-libraries with different CDR3 lengths and introduced amino acid substitutions to improve solubility. The validation of our library through the successful isolation of nanobodies against targets such as PD-1, ATXN1 and STAT3 demonstrates a versatile and ethical platform for the development of high specificity and affinity nanobodies and represents a significant advance in biotechnology.

Nanobodies derived from camelids and sharks offer unique advantages in therapeutic applications due to their ability to bind to epitopes that were previously inaccessible. Traditional methods of nanobody development face challenges such as ethical concerns and antigen toxicity. Our study presents a synthetic, phagedisplayed nanobody library using trinucleotide-directed mutagenesis technology, which allows precise amino acid composition in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), with a focus on CDR3 diversity. This approach avoids common problems such as frameshift mutations and stop codon insertions associated with other synthetic antibody library construction methods. By analyzing FDA-approved nanobodies and Protein Data Bank sequences, we designed sub-libraries with different CDR3 lengths and introduced amino acid substitutions to improve solubility. The validation of our library through the successful isolation of nanobodies against targets such as PD-1, ATXN1 and STAT3 demonstrates a versatile and ethical platform for the development of high specificity and affinity nanobodies and represents a significant advance in biotechnology.

A 74-year-old woman presented with a progressive pattern of dysphagia and odynophagia over one month.Magnetic resonance imaging of the neck revealed diffuse swelling from the tongue base and velum extending to the posterior pharyngeal wall. Instrumental evaluation of swallowing showed decreased peristalsis in the esophageal phase, accompanied by severe swelling of the hypopharynx, which limited laryngeal elevation and subsequently led to decreased bolus clearance and impaired airway protection. Laboratory studies revealed a 61% increase in eosinophil count. An endoscopic biopsy of the esophagus confirmed the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis. The patient was administered intravenous dexamethasone at a total dosage of 45 mg/day for 7 days. The eosinophil count dropped to the normal range, correlating with the improvement in dysphagia and aspiration. Eosinophilic esophagitis often presents in children and rarely involves the oropharyngeal structures. Due to its specific involvement of the esophagus, it seldom leads to aspiration. By contrast, the extension of eosinophilic inflammation from the esophagus to the oropharynx in this case resulted in atypical symptoms such as odynophagia and aspiration. The therapeutic approach can be challenging due to the difficulty in administering topical steroids, which are often the treatment of choice. However, the condition showed an excellent response to intravenous steroid therapy.

BACKGROUND: Enhancing blood flow and cell proliferation in the hair dermis is critical for treating hair loss. This study was designed to aid the development of alternative and effective solutions to overcome alopecia. Specifically, we examined the effects of Morus alba.L root extract (MARE, which has been used in traditional medicine as a stimulant for hair proliferation) on dermal fibroblasts and other cell types found in the epidermis. METHODS: We first optimized the concentration of MARE that could be used to treat human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) without causing cytotoxicity. After optimization, we focused on the effect of MARE on HDFs since these cells secrete paracrine factors related to cell proliferation and angiogenesis that affect hair growth. Conditioned medium (CM) derived from MARE-treated HDFs (MARE HDF-CM) was used to treat human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs). RESULTS: Concentrations of MARE up to 20 wt% increased the expression of proliferative and anti-apoptotic genes in HDFs. MARE HDF-CM significantly improved the tubular structure formation and migration capacity of HUVECs. Additionally, MARE HDF-CM treatment upregulated the expression of hair growth-related genes in HFDPCs. CM collected from MARE-treated HDFs promoted the proliferation of HFDPCs and the secretion of angiogenic paracrine factors from these cells. CONCLUSION Since it can stimulate the secretion of pro-proliferative and pro-angiogenic paracrine factors from HDFs, MARE has therapeutic potential as a hair loss preventative.