Objective:To investigate the correlation between three-dimensional (3D) true acetabular cup coverage and two-dimensional (2D) X-ray acetabular cup coverage in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and identify effective parameters for evaluating acetabular cup coverage.Methods:Sixteen pelvic models were 3D-printed from CT reconstruction data of healthy adult pelvises. Postoperative acetabular models were prepared using standard THA procedures. The postoperative models were centered on the acetabulum and positioned under a C-arm fluoroscope. Fluoroscopy was conducted by rotating the C-arm at different angles (15°, 30°, and 45°) to obtain anteroposterior (AP) and iliac oblique X-ray images of the hip joint. The 2D acetabular coverage at different fluoroscopic angles (AP, 15° iliac oblique, 30° iliac oblique, and 45° iliac oblique) was recorded and compared with the 3D acetabular coverage measured from the pelvic models. Two independent observers assessed related parameters (coverage, abduction angle, anteversion angle) from the 2D X-ray images, and inter-observer reliability was statistically analyzed. Differences between 2D and 3D acetabular coverage were compared, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess correlations between acetabular anteversion angle, abduction angle, and both 2D and 3D acetabular coverage.Results:The acetabular coverage for the 2D X-ray groups (AP, 15° iliac oblique, 30° iliac oblique, and 45° iliac oblique) was 87.37%±2.59%, 87.01%±2.53%, 85.39%±2.57%, and 83.20%±2.51%, respectively, with statistically significant differences ( F=6.700, P=0.001). The 45° iliac oblique group had significantly lower coverage than both the 30° iliac oblique group and the AP group, while the 30° iliac oblique group showed significantly lower coverage than the 15° iliac oblique group (all differences, P<0.05). The mean abduction and anteversion angles were 45.33°±2.22° and 14.61°±2.53°, respectively. The 3D acetabular coverage was 85.66%±2.51%. The 45° iliac oblique group had significantly lower coverage than the 3D coverage group ( P<0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed between the AP group and the 3D coverage group ( t=1.893, P=0.062). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed significant negative correlations between the acetabular abduction angle, anteversion angle, and both 2D and 3D acetabular coverage, with the following regression equations: 2D coverage=124.627-0.700× (abduction angle) -0.379× (anteversion angle) ( R2=0.814, P=0.001); 3D coverage=120.291-0.603× (abduction angle) -0.499× (anteversion angle) ( R2=0.917, P<0.001). Conclusion:Acetabular cup coverage rates vary with different X-ray projection angles, with the anteroposterior X-ray view potentially overestimating coverage. Changes in the abduction angle appear to significantly impact the differences between 2D and 3D coverage, thereby increasing errors in assessing true acetabular cup coverage. These discrepancies between 2D and 3D coverage should be carefully considered when evaluating minimal acetabular cup coverage.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between three-dimensional (3D) true acetabular cup coverage and two-dimensional (2D) X-ray acetabular cup coverage in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and identify effective parameters for evaluating acetabular cup coverage.Methods:Sixteen pelvic models were 3D-printed from CT reconstruction data of healthy adult pelvises. Postoperative acetabular models were prepared using standard THA procedures. The postoperative models were centered on the acetabulum and positioned under a C-arm fluoroscope. Fluoroscopy was conducted by rotating the C-arm at different angles (15°, 30°, and 45°) to obtain anteroposterior (AP) and iliac oblique X-ray images of the hip joint. The 2D acetabular coverage at different fluoroscopic angles (AP, 15° iliac oblique, 30° iliac oblique, and 45° iliac oblique) was recorded and compared with the 3D acetabular coverage measured from the pelvic models. Two independent observers assessed related parameters (coverage, abduction angle, anteversion angle) from the 2D X-ray images, and inter-observer reliability was statistically analyzed. Differences between 2D and 3D acetabular coverage were compared, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess correlations between acetabular anteversion angle, abduction angle, and both 2D and 3D acetabular coverage.Results:The acetabular coverage for the 2D X-ray groups (AP, 15° iliac oblique, 30° iliac oblique, and 45° iliac oblique) was 87.37%±2.59%, 87.01%±2.53%, 85.39%±2.57%, and 83.20%±2.51%, respectively, with statistically significant differences ( F=6.700, P=0.001). The 45° iliac oblique group had significantly lower coverage than both the 30° iliac oblique group and the AP group, while the 30° iliac oblique group showed significantly lower coverage than the 15° iliac oblique group (all differences, P<0.05). The mean abduction and anteversion angles were 45.33°±2.22° and 14.61°±2.53°, respectively. The 3D acetabular coverage was 85.66%±2.51%. The 45° iliac oblique group had significantly lower coverage than the 3D coverage group ( P<0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed between the AP group and the 3D coverage group ( t=1.893, P=0.062). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed significant negative correlations between the acetabular abduction angle, anteversion angle, and both 2D and 3D acetabular coverage, with the following regression equations: 2D coverage=124.627-0.700× (abduction angle) -0.379× (anteversion angle) ( R2=0.814, P=0.001); 3D coverage=120.291-0.603× (abduction angle) -0.499× (anteversion angle) ( R2=0.917, P<0.001). Conclusion:Acetabular cup coverage rates vary with different X-ray projection angles, with the anteroposterior X-ray view potentially overestimating coverage. Changes in the abduction angle appear to significantly impact the differences between 2D and 3D coverage, thereby increasing errors in assessing true acetabular cup coverage. These discrepancies between 2D and 3D coverage should be carefully considered when evaluating minimal acetabular cup coverage.

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of proteinuria in patients with hypertension in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Methods:From March 2019 to June 2020, prospective design was used to collect data of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau hypertension patients who were eligible for continuous enrollment in the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine in Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region. Questionnaire survey, physical examination and blood pressure measurement were performed on the selected patients. Fasting venous blood samples were collected for liver function test, blood lipid test, blood glucose test, and hemoglobin test, etc. Three times of morning urine samples were taken on different days, and urine protein creatinine ratio (UACR) was measured, UACR < 30 mg/g was negative for urinary protein, and UACR≥30 mg/g was positive for urinary protein. At the same time, the selected patients were examined by carotid artery color ultrasound and heart color ultrasound. The risk factors of proteinuria were analyzed.Results:A total of 588 patients with hypertension met the inclusion criteria, including 472 patients (80.3%) who received antihypertensive drug therapy, 239 patients (40.6%) had antihypertensive treatment compliance, and 252 patients (42.9%) reached the standard blood pressure after theropy. Hypertension was associated with diabetes mellitus in 150 patients (25.5%), and urinary protein was positive in 126 patients (21.4%). In univariate analysis, ethnic composition, systolic blood pressure [(138.19 ± 19.65) vs (133.16 ± 18.45) mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa], diastolic blood pressure [(85.80 ± 13.51) vs (83.17 ± 12.19) mmHg], uric acid [(411.79 ± 101.54) vs (379.96 ± 102.18) μmol/L], hemoglobin [(152.86 ± 30.70) vs (143.49 ± 21.15) g/L], pulmonary artery trunk width [(21.76 ± 3.94) vs (20.98 ± 3.34) mm], and ventricular septal thickness [(9.90 ± 1.70) vs (9.47 ± 1.60) mm] in the positive group ( n = 126) were significantly higher than those in the negative group ( n = 462, P < 0.01 or < 0.05). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, increased systolic blood pressure [odds ratio ( OR) = 1.015, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.005 - 1.026], uric acid ( OR = 1.003, 95% CI: 1.001 - 1.005), and pulmonary artery trunk width ( OR = 1.058, 95% CI: 1.001 - 1.118) were risk factors for proteinuria; Tibetans had a decreased risk of proteinuria compared with Han ( OR = 0.505, 95% CI: 0.317 - 0.805), but increased hemoglobin had an increased risk of proteinuria compared with normal hemoglobin ( OR = 1.890, 95% CI: 1.231 - 2.903). Conclusion:In patients with hypertension at high altitude, increased hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, uric acid, pulmonary artery trunk width, and Han nationality are risk factors for proteinuria.

Objective:To evaluate the accuracy of parents ’ perception of whether their child is a picky eater and the specific food category the children avoideating according to the food frequency question-naire.Methods:This research selected 1 663 infants aged 4-36 months receiving non-diary complimen-tary food from maternal, infants, nutrition and growth study (MING Study) in 8 Chinese cities in which a combination of systematic cluster random sampling and purposive sampling was used .The general infor-mation, dietary status and picky eating status were collected through a self-designed questionnaire from the caregiver of the children .According to the parents ’ perception , the children were classified into picky/non-picky groups or avoid/non-avoid to a specific food category groups .Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare between the groups .Results: The reported percentage of picky eaters increased from 7.37%in 4-6 months old infants to 36.20%in 25-36 months old infants .Most picky infants in 4-6 months and 7-12 months old infants avoided eating dairy food ( 25% and 24%); while most picky toddlers aged 13-24 months and 25-36 months avoided eating vegetables (26.92% and 47.46%). The infants aged 4-6 months and 7-12 months who were perceived as picky by their parents took more kinds of food (8 and 19.5 kinds) than those who were not (6 and 18 kinds), while the picky toddlers aged 13-24 months and 25-36 months took fewer kinds of food (28.5 and 34 kinds for picky eaters, 31 and 37 kinds for non-picky eaters ) .The parents of infants aged 4-6 months judged correctly in every category of food without any statistical significance;the parents of 7-12 months old infants judged cor-rectly only in dairy food and eggs with statistical significance;those of 13-24 months old infants judged correctly in every food category except for vegetables with statistically significant difference in the category of eggs;those of 25-36 months old toddlers misjudged in dairy , beans and grains with no statistically significant difference in every category .Conclusion: Parents tend to misjudge their children ’ s picky eating behavior before the first 12 months of the child , and tend to make a more accurate perception after the 12th month.