In this study, RAW264.7 cells were employed to investigate the effects of honey-processed Astragalus on their energy metabolism and polarization, and explore the scientific connotation of the enhanced efficacy of honey-processed Astragalus on invigorating spleen-stomach and replenishing Qi. The medicated sera were prepared by intragastric administration of rats with water extracts of crude and honey-processed Astragalus, and the composition changes of medicated sera of crude and honey-processed Astragalus were analyzed by using LC-MS technology. The cell survival rates were detected and the concentrations of medicated sera were screened through CCK-8 assay. The differences of cell phagocytic rates, ATP energy metabolism, and NO secretion between crude and honey-processed Astragalus were evaluated by using neutral red phagocytosis assay, ATP detection kit, and NO detection kit. The effects of crude and honey-processed Astragalus on TNF-α secretion of RAW264.7 cells were detected by employing ELISA kit. The effects of crude and honey-processed Astragalus on polarization of RAW264.7 cells were evaluated by utilizing flow cytometry. The differential metabolites related to glycolysis in cell lysates and culture media were screened by using LC-MS technology. The experiment was approved by the experimental animal ethics committee from Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine (No. AWE202407352). The results showed that the contents of betaine, amino acids, and ononin in the prepared medicated sera of rats treated by intragastric administration with water extracts of honey-processed Astragalus increased compared to those in crude one. The results of CCK-8 experiment showed that there were no cytotoxic effects on RAW264.7 cells in the medicated sera of crude and honey-processd Astragalus at different concentration. The phagocytic index and ATP yield both increased to varying degrees after administration of the medicated sera to cells. The secretion of NO in normal and inflammatory cells increased and decreased respectively, and the effect of honey-processed Astragalus was better than that of crude one. The results of ELISA kit showed that the medicated sera of both crude and honey-processed Astragalus could promote the secretion of TNF-α in a concentration-dependent manner, and the promoting effect of honey-processed Astragalus was stronger than that of crude one. The results of flow cytometry showed that the medicated sera of both crude and honey-processed Astragalus could promote M1-type polarization and inhibit M2-type polarization of RAW264.7 cells, and the effect of honey-processed Astragalus was better than that of crude one. Compared to crude Astragalus, the metabolites related to glycolysis in the cell lysates and culture media of the medicated sera of honey-processed Astragalus were generally on the rise, indicating that the effect on promoting glycolysis of honey-processed Astragalus was better than that of crude one. In summary, honey-processed Astragalus can promote the polarization and energy metabolism of RAW264.7 cells, and participate in positive immune regulation, which is correlated with its enhanced effect of invigorating spleen-stomach and replenishing Qi.

Objective To explore the research trajectory and current status of regional schools of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),providing scholars with a comprehensive overview of these schools to quickly understand the research context and grasp its significance and direction.Methods This analysis focuses on literature related to eight TCM schools from regions like Shanghai,Zhejiang,Anhui,Shandong,Guangdong,Heilongjiang,Sichuan,and Jiangsu,published since the establishment of New China.These schools include the Shanghai School,Zhejiang School,Xin'an School,Qilu School,Lingnan School,Longjiang School,Sichuan School,and various Jiangsu schools(such as the Wumen School,Longsha School,Menghe School,and Shanyang School).The analysis examines the development of these TCM schools from the perspective of big data and historical geography.Results The study finds that research on regional schools of TCM after the founding of the People's Republic of China is significantly influenced by the times,with the volume of literature demonstrating a phase-based trend but generally showing an overall upward trajectory.The primary publishing institutions for each school are the provincial TCM universities and their associated research institutions,playing a significant role in regional TCM studies.Current research on regional TCM schools mainly focuses on the inheritance of famous physicians' experiences,studies on historical representative physicians,data mining,and streamlining of TCM school heritage,attracting considerable attention from scholars.Currently,the best-developed research is on the Xin'an School,Zhejiang School,and Jiangsu School(including the Wumen School,Longsha School,Menghe School,and Shanyang School).Conclusion Research into the academic thoughts of representative physicians from regional TCM schools and the inheritance of famous physicians' experiences are key topics that will likely continue to attract interest for an extended period.Further in-depth analysis within these schools,and the integration of various information,are likely to be future research hotspots.

Objective To explore the research trajectory and current status of regional schools of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),providing scholars with a comprehensive overview of these schools to quickly understand the research context and grasp its significance and direction.Methods This analysis focuses on literature related to eight TCM schools from regions like Shanghai,Zhejiang,Anhui,Shandong,Guangdong,Heilongjiang,Sichuan,and Jiangsu,published since the establishment of New China.These schools include the Shanghai School,Zhejiang School,Xin'an School,Qilu School,Lingnan School,Longjiang School,Sichuan School,and various Jiangsu schools(such as the Wumen School,Longsha School,Menghe School,and Shanyang School).The analysis examines the development of these TCM schools from the perspective of big data and historical geography.Results The study finds that research on regional schools of TCM after the founding of the People's Republic of China is significantly influenced by the times,with the volume of literature demonstrating a phase-based trend but generally showing an overall upward trajectory.The primary publishing institutions for each school are the provincial TCM universities and their associated research institutions,playing a significant role in regional TCM studies.Current research on regional TCM schools mainly focuses on the inheritance of famous physicians' experiences,studies on historical representative physicians,data mining,and streamlining of TCM school heritage,attracting considerable attention from scholars.Currently,the best-developed research is on the Xin'an School,Zhejiang School,and Jiangsu School(including the Wumen School,Longsha School,Menghe School,and Shanyang School).Conclusion Research into the academic thoughts of representative physicians from regional TCM schools and the inheritance of famous physicians' experiences are key topics that will likely continue to attract interest for an extended period.Further in-depth analysis within these schools,and the integration of various information,are likely to be future research hotspots.

Medicinal plant germplasm resources are the foundation of the modern development of traditional Chinese medicine. In-depth study of medicinal plant germplasm resources is a prerequisite for cultivating fine varieties and ensuring the output and standard quality of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）. Traditional identification methods start with appearance and are greatly affected by natural environment and human factors，with a low efficiency and accuracy of identification are generally low molecularin general. Due to such advantages as easy operation，high sensitivity，accurate results， molecular biology technology has been widely used in the related research of relevant studies for medicinal plant germplasm resources due to its advantages of easy operation，high sensitivity，accurate results，etc. It mainly involving the distinction between wild and cultivated products，researchstudy on substitutes of TCM，identification of Chinese patent medicine，good variety marker breeding，genetic diversity researchstudy，genetic map establishment and omics research，etcstudy. Among them，omics researchstudy is divided into genomics，transcriptomics，metabolomics，and proteomics due toby different analysis purposes. Genomics is divided into three sub-fields namely structural genomics，functional genomics， and comparative genomics. Eukaryotes Because eukaryotes have nuclei and organelles，so omics researchstudy also includes chloroplast genomics，mitochondrial genomics，nuclear genomics，and plastid genomics. Among them，the chloroplast genome has a simple structure，small molecular weight，and good conservation，while the mitochondrial genome has a strong variability and complex structure，the nuclear genome data isfeatures complex， data and the nucleus contains no ribosomes in nucleus，resulting in spatiotemporal differences in the translation process，even if repeated repeatedly test， the result of and the test is alsoresults remained uncertain， even after repeated tests. The molecular biology technology and omics researchstudy involved in theby current medicinal plant researchstudy still hashave shortcomings，and there iswith a large room for development，which needs and need further improvement and supplementation. This articlepaper successively introduces the characteristics and applications of cytology，molecular markers，and omics researchstudy techniques in the identification of medicinal germplasm resources，providingin order to provide a reference for subsequent identification，development and utilization of medicinal plant germplasm resources.

To effectively identify the Astragalus and its adulterants based on ITS2 sequence and secondary structure, in this study, 32 portions of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Beg.) Hsiao and Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. collected were conducted ITS2 sequence amplification and bidirectional sequencing, whose results were then spliced by CExpress software remove the 5.8S and 28S sequences at both ends to obtain a complete ITS2 sequence. In addition, 3 ITS2 sequences for each of the adulterants of Astragalus, respectively, Oxytropis coerulea, Caragana sinica, Hedysarum polybotrys, Althaea rosea were downloaded from GenBank. The intra-specific and inter-specific genetic distances were calculated by the software MEGA7 to analyze the difference of each sequence; the Neighbor-joining (NJ) method was used to construct the phylogenetic tree based on ITS2 sequence (primary structure) as well as joint ITS2 sequence and its secondary structure. The results showed that the average ITS2 sequence length of both A. mongolicus and A. membranaceus was 216 bp, and their average GC content was 50.00% and 50.46%, respectively. The similarity of ITS2 sequence length and GC content between the two kind of Astragalus and Oxytropis coerulea was the highest, while the ITS2 sequence length and GC content of Althaea rosea showed great differences with those of Astragalus. The inter-specific distance between Astragalus and Oxytropis coerulea was the smallest, while that between the medicinal Astragalus and Hedysarum polybotrys, Caragana sinica as well as Althaea rosea was great. The phylogenetic trees constructed based on the ITS2 sequence (primary structure) and joint ITS2 sequence and its secondary structure showed that the topological relations of the two phylogenetic trees were basically the same, and both could effectively identify the Astragalus and its adulterants. What’s more, the addition of secondary structure information made end branch of the phylogenetic tree become more in its construction, and the distinguish ability and approval rating were also improved, which further reflected the genetic relationship of Astragalus and its adulterants. This provides some scientific basis for classification and accurate identification of Astragalus and its adulterants.

NSCL/P is a common congenital defect and gene-environmental factors involve in this disorder. Periconceptional intake of folate may reduce the risk of NSCL/P. The present study investigated three SNPs (rs1801198, rs955516, and rs3733890) in three folate pathway genes, including TCN2, MTR, and BHMT among 481 patients and 558 healthy subjects. Rs955516 showed allelic association with NSCL/P. More patients carry rs955516 AA and rs3733890 AA genotypes. The gene-gene interaction test showed trans-phase combination effects for MTR and BHMT genes. Our study suggests that the interaction of MTR and BHMT genes play a vital role in the pathogenesis of NSCL/P in Chinese population.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain ; abnormalities ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Cleft Lip ; epidemiology ; genetics ; Cleft Palate ; epidemiology ; genetics ; Female ; Folic Acid ; metabolism ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Young Adult