This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current application of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical education by elaborating on the concept of AI, its development in the medical field and medical education, and the value, significance, strategies, and tools for its application in medical teaching. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis reveals a series of challenges in the application of AI in medical education, including imperfect infrastructure and technical frameworks, lack of structured curricula, and a knowledge gap between doctors/students and system designers. Regarding the prospects, the article highlights that the application of AI in medical education requires ethical safeguards and professional training, medical education will deeply rely on AI technological innovations, AI will promote more comprehensive and precise assessments in the field of medical education, and AI will drive the transformation of medical teaching methods and skill training environment.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current application of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical education by elaborating on the concept of AI, its development in the medical field and medical education, and the value, significance, strategies, and tools for its application in medical teaching. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis reveals a series of challenges in the application of AI in medical education, including imperfect infrastructure and technical frameworks, lack of structured curricula, and a knowledge gap between doctors/students and system designers. Regarding the prospects, the article highlights that the application of AI in medical education requires ethical safeguards and professional training, medical education will deeply rely on AI technological innovations, AI will promote more comprehensive and precise assessments in the field of medical education, and AI will drive the transformation of medical teaching methods and skill training environment.

Objective To investigate the characteristics and clinicopathology of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog Bl(BRAF)V600E mutations in papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC)in Air Force flight personnel.Methods Data of cases and test results of BRAF V600E mutation were collected from Air Force aviators pathologically diagnosed with PTC.A univariate analysis of the relationship between BRAF V600E mutations and clinicopathologic features was performed.Results The overall rate of BRAF V600E mutations among 55 PTC flight crew members was 70.91％.The univariate analysis showed that the number of lymph node metastases in the BRAF V600E mutated group was larger than in the BRAF V600E unmutated group,and the proportion of BRAF V600E mutations in flight crews at intermediate risk of recurrence was higher than that in those at low risk of recurrence(P＜0.05).The presence or absence of BRAF V600E mutations did not affect the results of medical evaluation of PTC in flight personnel.Conclusion The rate of PTC BRAF V600E mutations in Air Force flight crews is similar to that of the general Chinese population.BRAF V600E mutations are associated with an increased number of lymph node metastases and risk of recurrence,and follow-up is recommended for flight personnel with PTC,especially those with BRAF V600E mutations.

Objective To develop an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-borne radiation monitoring system with high detection efficiency and nuclide identification ability for airborne monitoring in nuclear emergency. Methods The UAV-borne CeBr₃ radiation monitoring system was composed of four cerium bromide (CeBr₃) crystal detectors coupled with silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and other components including integrated modules, intelligent electronic devices, and new composite materials. Results According to various performance tests on the system, the crystal energy resolution was better than 5% (@0.662 MeV), the peak drift of the energy spectrum was within ±1 channel, the linear fit of energy was 0.99997, the change in the count rate of each energy window during 12 h long-term measurement was less than 5%, and the detection efficiency was higher compared with that of NaI (Tl) detectors of the same volume. Conclusion Through ground point source testing and theoretical calculation, the system has reliable ability to identify radionuclides, which can be used in nuclide identification and the preparedness and response for nuclear and radiation emergencies.

With the development and utilization of nuclear energy, the safe operation of nuclear facilities has become a social issue of great concern. China attaches great importance to nuclear emergency plan and the construction of legal, institutional, and mechanism systems. Among them, the emergency preparedness and response of airborne monitoring for nuclear emergency is one of the important components of the national nuclear emergency system. The technology system of airborne monitoring for nuclear emergency is being developed and combines the advantages of manned aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) airborne monitoring. In recent years, UAVs with different loads and types have been developed, with diversified sizes and types of detectors carried by UAVs. The research on UAV airborne monitoring techniques for nuclear emergency has been continuously deepened and improved, and the technical system of airborne monitoring for nuclear emergency has been developed at the same time. The construction of UAV airborne monitoring technology system for nuclear emergency is discussed from the perspectives of monitoring equipment and technology, emergency response plan, emergency monitoring and evaluation, monitoring standards, emergency personnel, emergency support, and training and exercise. The UAV is a rapidly developing aircraft. With the continuous improvement in UAV performance and the continuous innovation and development of nuclear emergency airborne monitoring technology, the UAV airborne monitoring technology system for nuclear emergency will be constantly improved and developed towards networking, intelligence, and standardization.

Pancreatic cancer is highly malignant, and surgical resection is the only cure method at present. In recent years, neoadjuvant therapy has enabled some patients to be successfully downgraded with surgical treatment, which increased the R0 surgical resection rate and prolonged the survival time of patients, has become an important part in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. However, the applicability and standardization of neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer still need more advanced evidence. This article reviews whether neoadjuvant therapy should be used for resectable pancreatic cancer, the choice of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and the progress, advantages and disadvantages of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

With the maturity of surgical techniques, the success rate of liver transplantation has been gradually increased. However, the establishment of long-term immune tolerance after operation still faces multiple challenges. Kupffer cells are tissue-resident macrophages, which could reside in the liver and polarize into different directions following liver transplantation, forming M1 Kupffer cells and M2 Kupffer cells. M1 Kupffer cells have pro-inflammatory function, whereas M2 Kupffer cells possess immunoregulatory function. It contributes to the establishment of immune tolerance by inhibiting the quantity and function of M1 Kupffer cells, or enhancing the quantity and function of M2 Kupffer cells. The polarization of Kupffer cells is regulated by many cytokines and signals, which provides an opportunity for therapies to establish immune tolerance of liver transplantation by interfering Kupffer polarization. In this article, the relationship between Kupffer cell polarization and immune tolerance of liver transplantation, and the mechanism of Kupffer cell polarization were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for establishing immune tolerance of liver transplantation.

Objective To investigate the effects of inhibiting TIM-4 function in Kupffer cells (KCs) on liver graft rejection in mice and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods Mouse models of orthotopic liver transplantation were treated with a control mAb group and TIM-4 mAb. The activated KCs were assayed with immunohistochemistry after operation. The expression of TIM-4 in KCs were assayed with Western blotting and RT-PCR and the levels of AST, ALT, TBIL, TNF-α, IFN-γand CCL2 were assayed detected. The expression of TIM-4 in KCs was observed with laser confocal microscopy. HE staining was used to observe the microstructure of the liver tissues, and the number of CD25 +Foxp3 +T cells was determined using with flow cytometry; the proteins levels of p-P65and p-P38 were assayed with Western blotting. The donor mice were treated with clodronate liposomes to destroy the KCs in the liver before transplantation, and the liver grafts were examined for graft rejection. Results The number of activated KCs in the liver graft increased progressively over time. Compared with the sham-operated group, the liver graft showed significantly increased TIM-4 protein and mRNA levels at 1, 3, and 7 days after transplantation (P<0.05) and increased levels of AST, ALT, TBIL, TNF-α, IFN-γ and CCL2 at 7 days (P<0.05). The graft in TIM-4 mAb group showed mild pathological changes with a mean RAI score of 2.67 ± 0.75, which was significantly lower than that in control mAb group (P<0.05). The mean survival time of the recipient mice was 53.8±6.4 days in TIM-4 mAb group, significantly longer than that in the control mAB group (14.5±2.9 days, P<0.05). Donor treatment with clodronate liposomes resulted in comparable RAI scores in TIM-4 mAb and control mAb groups (8.01±0.64 vs 7.93±0.56, P>0.05). Theprotein levels of p-P65 and p-P38 in TIM-4 mAb group were significantly lower than those in control mAb group (P<0.05), and CD25+Foxp3+T cells in the liver graft increased significantly in TIM-4 mAb group. Conclusion Inhibition of TIM-4 function in KCs reduces the production of inflammatory factors after liver transplantation possibly by inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and promoting the proliferation of Foxp3+Treg cells to induce allograft tolerance.

Objective To investigate the effects of inhibiting TIM-4 function in Kupffer cells (KCs) on liver graft rejection in mice and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods Mouse models of orthotopic liver transplantation were treated with a control mAb group and TIM-4 mAb. The activated KCs were assayed with immunohistochemistry after operation. The expression of TIM-4 in KCs were assayed with Western blotting and RT-PCR and the levels of AST, ALT, TBIL, TNF-α, IFN-γand CCL2 were assayed detected. The expression of TIM-4 in KCs was observed with laser confocal microscopy. HE staining was used to observe the microstructure of the liver tissues, and the number of CD25 +Foxp3 +T cells was determined using with flow cytometry; the proteins levels of p-P65and p-P38 were assayed with Western blotting. The donor mice were treated with clodronate liposomes to destroy the KCs in the liver before transplantation, and the liver grafts were examined for graft rejection. Results The number of activated KCs in the liver graft increased progressively over time. Compared with the sham-operated group, the liver graft showed significantly increased TIM-4 protein and mRNA levels at 1, 3, and 7 days after transplantation (P<0.05) and increased levels of AST, ALT, TBIL, TNF-α, IFN-γ and CCL2 at 7 days (P<0.05). The graft in TIM-4 mAb group showed mild pathological changes with a mean RAI score of 2.67 ± 0.75, which was significantly lower than that in control mAb group (P<0.05). The mean survival time of the recipient mice was 53.8±6.4 days in TIM-4 mAb group, significantly longer than that in the control mAB group (14.5±2.9 days, P<0.05). Donor treatment with clodronate liposomes resulted in comparable RAI scores in TIM-4 mAb and control mAb groups (8.01±0.64 vs 7.93±0.56, P>0.05). Theprotein levels of p-P65 and p-P38 in TIM-4 mAb group were significantly lower than those in control mAb group (P<0.05), and CD25+Foxp3+T cells in the liver graft increased significantly in TIM-4 mAb group. Conclusion Inhibition of TIM-4 function in KCs reduces the production of inflammatory factors after liver transplantation possibly by inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and promoting the proliferation of Foxp3+Treg cells to induce allograft tolerance.

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of Astragalus granules on the expression of Caveolin-3(Cav-3)and Smad family member 3 (Smad3) in the myocardial cells of rats with viral myocarditis. METHODS:90 rats were randomly divided into a nor-mal group,a model group,a Shenmai injection group [positive drug,0.2 g/(kg·d)] and the groups of low,medium and high-dose Astragalus granules [0.42,0.84,1.68 g/(kg·d)],with 15 rats in each group. The rats in all groups except for the normal group were given CVB3 ip for the establishment of viral myocarditis model. Meanwhile,the rats in the drug administration groups were given corresponding drugs ig,while those in the normal group and the model group were given normal saline ig,for 15 consecu-tive days. 5 rats were selected from each group respectively on the 3rd,9th and 15th days of drug use to take an experiment. For the rats,the pathological change of the cardiac muscle tissue was observed and scored,and the mRNA and protein expression of Cav-3 and Smad3 in the myocardial cells were detected. RESULTS:After 15 days of drug use,compared to the normal group,the rats of the model group had hyperplasia of a large number of cardiac muscle fibers,obvious lesions at cardiac muscle fibers, and significantly higher pathological score and levels of the mRNA and protein expression of Cav-3 and Smad3 in the myocardial cells (P<0.05). Compared to the model group,the rats in the drug administration groups had cardiac muscle tissue lesions improved and had obviously lower pathological score and levels of the mRNA and protein expression of Cav-3 and Smad3 in the myocardial cells(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Astragalus granules can markedly downregulate the gene expression of Cav-3 and Smad3 in the myocardial cells of rats with viral myocarditis,which is inferred as a prevention and treatment mechanism of viral myocarditis.