Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PCSK9)can modulate low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDLC)levels,and its dysfunction is closely associated with the progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.Research has shown that PCSK9 inhibitors are highly effective in lowering lipids and have good safety and tolerability.New approaches to targeting PCSK9 inhibition are currently in different stages of clinical development.This review out-lines the primary mechanisms of PCSK9 and its impact on the cardiovascular system,emphasizing the current emerging strategies for targeting PCSK9 in lipid-lowering treatments.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PCSK9)can modulate low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDLC)levels,and its dysfunction is closely associated with the progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.Research has shown that PCSK9 inhibitors are highly effective in lowering lipids and have good safety and tolerability.New approaches to targeting PCSK9 inhibition are currently in different stages of clinical development.This review out-lines the primary mechanisms of PCSK9 and its impact on the cardiovascular system,emphasizing the current emerging strategies for targeting PCSK9 in lipid-lowering treatments.

As one of notable works of HUANG Yuanyu， a renowned physician from the Qing Dynasty， The Indications of Classics by Four Medical Sage emphasize the theoretical paradigm of “one qi circulation” with a particular focus on the middle qi. Building upon disease differentiation and treatment， HUANG Yuanyu attaches great importance to understanding the underlying cause of the disease. It is believed that the imbalance of the six climatic factors is the fundamental cause of diseases. The concept of mutual interaction between the physiological and pathological aspects of the six climatic factors is proposed to grasp the basic pathogenesis. Based on the individual's specific condition of six climatic factors， excess or deficiency， specific prescriptions are formulated. The diagnosis and treatment system can be summarized as a “differentiation of diseases → disease etiology → differentiation of the condition of six climatic factors → individualized pathogenesis of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） → prescription of TCM” model based on the holistic view. HUANG Yuanyu' s diagnosis and treatment system is highly practical and can provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of diseases in TCM.

Pheochromocytoma and paranganglioma (PPGL) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor. In recent years, the continuous development of multimodal imaging, pathonomics, genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, metabolism and proteomics have provided us with ideas to better understand the complex transfer mechanism of PPGL. This paper will review the precise typing system of PPGL, current research advances in the diagnosis and clinical prognosis.